Shuji Funo

Typology of Kampung Houses and Their Transformation Process : A Study on Urban Tissues of an Indonesian City

abstract There are various house types in the kampungs (urban villages) of Indonesian towns.The size of houses varies from less than 20 square meters up to more than 200 square meters. It is a characteristic of kampung settlements that various house types exist in the same kampung. But on the other hand, we can find the same house types in many kampungs. This paper investigates kampung houses in Surabaya city and shows their typical types, and then reveals the transformation process of kampung houses through the analysis of the relationship between various house types. Based on this analysis of the transformation process, this paper aims to describe the basic principles of the formation of kampung.

Rehabilitation of Urban Settlements in the Early Reconstruction Stage after a Tsunami –A Case Study of Banda Aceh Municipality in Indonesia–

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the rehabilitation process in Banda Aceh after the tsunami, focusing on the housing supply as of August 2005. The paper also reveals a community–based approach in a settlement named Deah Glumpang. The main findings are outlined as follows. The basic process of the rehabilitation of urban settlements consists of the following four steps. i) confirmation of the survivors, ii) confirmation of the boundary between plots and making of maps (PS), iii) land consolidation (LC) and iv) supply of permanent houses. There were two organizations active in the rehabilitation process. UN–Habitat adopted a community–based approach. ADB adopted a comprehensive approach to rehabilitate the settlement by drawing up a master plan to reconstruct the infrastructure and surrounding environment prior to housing supply. The initial permanent housing model led to a mismatch between the proposal and the actual needs, especially in the inner–city situations where people were hoping to obtain houses with better conditions.

Spatial Characteristics of Core Housing Units Brought by Residents′ Extension Activities at Tung Song Hong Settlements in Thailand

This study clarifies the transformation of Core Housing units through residents′ extension at Tung Song Hong (TSH) Settlements. It was constructed by the National Housing Authority in late 1970s. The study focuses on three points such as transition of the settlements and residents, use of advantage of Core Housing and spatial characteristics of extended Core Housing. We found that settlements have been developed both physically and socially through residents continuous living. However there was lack of management system by the provider side to support residents′ self-build activities, residents did not understand the detail of devices of Core Housing nor follow the projected extension process. On the other hand, there are similarity among space composition through residents′ step by step extensions, even original core units were varied. We called it as multipurpose living room oriented plan. The multipurpose living room is frequently used for daily life but also very important at the ceremony and indicates residents′ recognition toward the houses in Thailand.

The Grid and Modular Measures in The Town Planning of Mohenjodaro and Kathmandu Valley

Abstract This paper studies the street and block plans of Mohenjodaro and Sirkap of Pakistan, and Thimi of Kathmandu Valley. Mohenjodaro was a reknowned city of Indus civilization, while Sirkap of Taxila, was an important cultural center in later half of first millennium BC. While both of the cities are archaeological remains, Thimi is still a living town. The three cities, apparently separated by enormous time span and geographic space, exhibit certain features that is striking to draw the attention of archaeologists and urban historians. This study finds that all the three settlements employ exactly the same grid dimension in making the division of urban blocks. The standard modules conform to ′danda′ and ′rajju′, which are stated in Arthasastra, the work of Kautilya who lived during the later quarter of 4th century BC. This paper makes a morphological analysis of the revealed plans of Mohenjodaro, Sirkap and Thimi, and demonstrates a relationship in their town plan, the division of quarter blocks and the plot divisions as shown by the built clusters and street boundaries. This is the first direct evidence to link the urban civilization of Indus with the living settlements that continue to exist up to modern times.

Space Formation and Transformation of the Urban Tissue of Old Delhi, India

Abstract This paper discusses the space formation and transformation of the urban tissue of Old Delhi. Main focuses are the street system, neighbourhood blocks, the distribution of public, religious and commercial facilities and the distribution of religious communities. Based on field research within the south-western area of Jama Masjid, the authors found a hierarchy in the street system. There are 1. Major roads (Bazaar), 2. Smaller public streets, 3. Narrow lanes within residential blocks, and 4. Dead-end alleys. Narrow lanes and dead-end lanes within residential blocks are called kuchas, galis or katras. Each kucha, gali or katra has its own name and forms a neighbourhood block. In some places a larger neighbourhood quarter called a mohalla is formed by neighbouring kuchas, galis and katras. Religious facilities for Muslims (mosques, dargahs) and Hindus (mandirs, shrines) are distributed separately. This means that Muslim and Hindu communities were also separated. However, the distribution of religious facilities shown in the 19th century maps of Shahjahanabad indicates that these communities were previously mixed to a greater extent than they are today.

A Study on the Block Formation and Its Subdivision into the Housing Lots in the Inner City of Beijing An Analysis of Qianlong Jingcheng Quantu, Map of the Capital City of Qianlong Period (1750)

abstract Qianlong Jingcheng Quantu, the oldest map of Beijing drawn in the Qianlong period (1750), depicts various institutional facilities and Beijing courtyard houses known as siheyuan in the inner city of Beijin. The city is composed of innumerable siheyuans and facilities built in siheyuan type architecture. This siheyuan type is related to the pattern of block division and its subdivision in the larger scheme of the city plan. Firstly, this paper, making an analysis of maps and literature, identifies a chronological order in the development of the street patterns, and then considers the connection of the siheyuan type with respect to the size of residential plots. The research then discusses the transformation process of the Beijing courtyard residences that occurred through the subsequent subdivision of the initial dwelling plots. This paper, thus, aims to illustrate the historical formation and transformation of physical environment of the Inner City of Beijing that may serve as an important basis to develop guidelines to the conservation of the historic environment of Beijing.

Space Formation of Jaipur City, Rajastan, India:An Analysis on City Maps (1925-28) made by Survey of India

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to study the principles of space formation of Jaipur City which is known as the so called grid iron city. Jaipur City, designed by Jai Singh II is thought to have been constructed according to Hindu cosmology. This paper discusses the planning theory in terms of measurement systems employed in the widths and lengths of streets, division of the urban blocks (chowkri) and the distribution of the dwelling units through the analysis of 43 sheets of the City Map (1925-28). The reason why we chose Jaipur is to compare it with Cakranegara (Lombok, Indonesia), which was founded as a colonial city of the Balinese Hindu kingdom in the same period of the early 18th century. This paper makes clear that in reality the sizes of the urban blocks are different place by place while simple measurement systems were introduced in the beginning. It also shows the process of city development with respect to changes in the form of the street pattern.The latter part of the paper focuses on the form of neighbourhood structures and, on types of residential buildings that are the cellular units of the residential quarters.

A Study on the Pattern of Plot Divisions of Courtyard Residential Blocks of Patan, Kathmandu Valley

This study analyses the ground plans and frontage widths of selected residential quadrangles of the historic core of Patan and shows that the dwelling plots were divided according to a standard method that applied to varying sizes of the courtyard settlement blocks. The size of the plots and frontages is determined by the size of the open courtyards, and their layout follows the swastika pattern, an ancient symbol sacred to both Buddhist and Hindu traditions, and which the paper finds as one of the rational ways of division to get the uniform distribution of the plots within a courtyard system of settlement. The study further shows the relationship of this pattern of division and plot planning to the layout of Buddhist monastery architecture, indicating that the form of the monastery could have been the model to inspire the planning idea of the larger residential courtyard settlements of Patan.

Considerations on Space Formation and Transformation of KAMPUNG LUAR BATANG (JAKARTA)

Abstract Kampung Luar Batang today is located at the northern end of Jakarta, which belongs to former Sunda Kelapa, the oldest area of Jakarta, about 100 meters to northwest of Kota (Batavia). The oldest mosque, Al-Aydrus Masjid, which was built in 1739, is located in Kampung Luar Batang and attracts pilgrims from other areas of Jakarta city, and had been declared as one of cultural heritages by the issuance of Governor Decree No. 475/1993. However, the area suffered a huge influx of population especially after independent, because of which its living environmental condition has deteriorated. Although modern buildings dominate in Kampung Luar Batang, traditional houses or houses with features of traditional architecture still exist in the kampung. How to improve the living condition and preserve the historical features of the built environment are important and urgent questions. This paper, based on the field survey, clarifies the formation and transformation process of Kampung Luar Batang and discusses the problems for the future improvement.

Considerations Concerning French Urban Influence on Spanish Colonial Cities on the Island of Cuba

Abstract This paper analyzes the French urban influence on cities created by Spaniards on the island of Cuba from the 16th to 19th century. Due to its geographical location, the island of Cuba acquired great influence from the American and European continent during the Spanish Colonial period. The study was accomplished through the recompilation of the principal 58 cities created in Cuba during the colonial period, the analysis of their different urban types and the evaluation in several cities of the main characteristic of their French influence. The evolution of the Hispanic-French relationship and the historical events that affected the Caribbean took place on many cities created during the last century of the colonial period. This is evident in the variations in their urban structure and block divisions.