Shunsuke Aoi

The role of angiographic follow-up after percutaneous coronary intervention

In the early days of coronary angioplasty, follow-up coronary angiography was often performed to assess restenosis. Angiographic restenosis has been shown to be associated with worse clinical outcomes, though the exact causality has yet to be determined. Numerous studies have repeatedly demonstrated that routine follow-up coronary angiography increases the incidence of target lesion revascularization without a clear reduction in mortality or myocardial infarction. Despite the lack of proven benefit of angiographic follow-up, routine follow-up coronary angiography is still being performed in certain countries and facilities. There are several factors that might explain the lack of benefit of angiographic follow-up: 1) lower incidence of stent failure in the current drug-eluting stent era has attenuated the net clinical benefit of follow-up angiography. 2) Angiographic restenosis might not lead to myocardial ischemia. 3) Patients that do have functionally significant restenosis are often referred for coronary angiography due to clinical indications such as intractable angina. 4) Absence of restenosis at the time of follow-up angiography does not exclude future restenosis. The absence of proven benefit in unselected populations does not necessarily preclude the presence of benefit in selected population, and there may be a subgroup of patients who can benefit from angiographic follow-up such as those with a large myocardial ischemic territory or those at very high risk of restenosis. Until there is more clinical evidence with respect to follow-up angiography, the decision of whether or not to perform it routinely in selected high-risk population should entail an in-depth discussion with the patient.

Positive T wave in lead aVR as an independent predictor for 1-year major adverse cardiac events in patients with first anterior wall ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

Positive T wave in lead aVR has been shown to predict an adverse in‐hospital outcome in patients with anterior wall ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, the prognostic value of positive T wave in lead aVR on a long‐term outcome has not been fully explored.

STEMI notification by EMS predicts shorter door-to-balloon time and smaller infarct size ☆

BACKGROUND Emergency medical services (EMS) transportation is associated with shorter door-to-balloon (DTB) time in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). In addition to EMS transportation, prehospital notification of STEMI by EMS to receiving hospital might be able to further shorten DTB time. We evaluated the impact of STEMI notification on DTB time as well as infarct size. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with anterior wall STEMI who underwent emergent coronary angiography. We excluded patients who presented with cardiac arrest and those who were transferred from non-percutaneous coronary intervention-capable hospitals. Mode of transportation were categorized into the 3 groups: (1) EMS transport with STEMI notification, (2) EMS transport without STEMI notification, and (3) self-transport. Baseline characteristics, laboratory data, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and DTB time were compared among the 3 groups. RESULTS A total of 148 patients were included in the final analysis. Of the 148 patients, 56 patients arrived by EMS transport with STEMI notification, 56 patients arrived by EMS transport without STEMI notification, and 36 patients arrived by self-transport. Patients who arrived by EMS transport with STEMI notification had the shortest DTB time among the 3 groups. Patients who arrived by EMS transport with STEMI notification had smaller infarct size, as indicated by lower peak creatine kinase value and higher LVEF, compared with those who arrived by EMS transport without STEMI notification. CONCLUSION Emergency medical services transport with STEMI notification was associated with shorter DTB time and smaller infarct size in patients with anterior wall STEMI.

Low QRS Voltage on Presenting Electrocardiogram Predicts Multi-vessel Disease in Anterior ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

BACKGROUND Low QRS voltage was reported to predict adverse outcomes in acute myocardial infarction in the pre-thrombolytic era. However, the association between low voltage and angiographic findings has not been fully addressed. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Low QRS voltage was defined as either peak to peak QRS complex voltage <1.0mV in all precordial leads or <0.5mV in all limb leads. RESULTS Among 190 patients, 37 patients (19%) had low voltage. Patients with low voltage had a higher rate of multi-vessel disease (MVD) (76% vs. 52%, p=0.01). Patients with low voltage were more likely to undergo coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) during admission (11% vs. 2%, p=0.028). Low voltage was an independent predictor for MVD (OR 2.50; 95% CI 1.12 to 6.03; p=0.032). CONCLUSION Low QRS voltage was associated with MVD and in-hospital CABG in anterior STEMI.

Absence of ST-segment elevation in lead V1 predicts worse long-term outcomes in patients with first anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND The prognostic value of ST-segment elevation in lead V1 (STE in V1) in anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has not been elucidated. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 190 consecutive first anterior STEMI patients. STE in V1 ≥0.1mV was recorded. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were defined as a composite of all-cause death, recurrent myocardial infarction, or target vessel revascularization. RESULTS Among 190 patients, 42 patients did not have STE in V1. The patient without STE in V1 had a higher peak creatine kinase value and a higher incidence of 1-year MACE (36% vs. 13%, p<0.001), driven by a higher mortality (24% vs. 5%, p<0.001). The absence of STE in V1 was an independent predictor for 1-year MACE (odds ratio 3.16; 95% confidence interval 1.28-7.83; p=0.01). CONCLUSION The absence of STE in V1 was an independent predictor for worse long-term outcomes in patients with first anterior STEMI.

Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in East Asian patients with acute coronary syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Bleeding complications are associated with unfavorable outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Compared to Whites, several studies demonstrated a higher risk of bleeding in Asians who present with acute myocardial infarction. To date, the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor in East Asian population have not been well established. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared ticagrelor and clopidogrel in East Asian patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrial.gov database. RESULTS Three randomized controlled trials, including a total of 1552 patients, met our inclusion criteria. Study countries included Japan, South Korea, and China. All studies defined primary efficacy endpoint and major bleeding events in accordance with the PLATO definition. Ticagrelor was associated with a numerically lower, albeit statistically nonsignificant, risk of primary efficacy endpoint defined as a composite of death from vascular causes, myocardial infarction, or stroke (odds ratio 0.84; 95% confidence interval 0.43-1.63; p = 0.60). Ticagrelor was associated with a significantly higher risk of PLATO-defined major bleeding compared to clopidogrel (odds ratio 1.52; 95% confidence interval 1.04-2.23; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis demonstrated that ticagrelor was associated with a higher risk of major bleeding compared to clopidogrel in East Asian patients with ACS. Further studies evaluating the role of ticagrelor in management of ACS in East Asian patients are warranted.

Absence of post-extrasystolic potentiation in takotsubo cardiomyopathy: Another piece of the puzzle?

BACKGROUND Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is an intriguing phenomenon characterized by transient and reversible left ventricular (LV) dysfunction despite angiographically unobstructed coronary arteries. The detailed pathophysiology of stunned, viable myocardium in TCM remains to be determined. Post-extrasystolic potentiation (PESP), the phenomenon of enhanced LV contractility following extrasystole, has been used to assess myocardial viability. METHODS Utilizing a local database, we identified 74 cases that met the modified Mayo Clinic criteria for TCM between October 2004 and March 2016. The patients undergoing left ventriculography were assessed for the presence of fortuitously provoked extrasystoles and the presence or absence of PESP. RESULTS The baseline characteristics of TCM were 93.2% female patients with median age of 69 and majority cases were apical type (77%). In-hospital mortality was observed in 3 cases (4.1%), all of which were apical type. We observed improved ejection fraction after extrasystole compared to baseline, however stunned myocardium had minimal PESP whereas unaffected myocardium showed marked potentiation. CONCLUSION Extrasystoles in TCM failed to elicit PESP in affected LV segments despite viability in those segments, in turn implicating a calcium handling abnormality in TCM. Potential explanations of our results may be that catecholamine excess caused maximum calcium release so that an extrasystole could not enhance contractility any further, or that there is a regional insensitivity to calcium release due to a disturbance of the calcium regulatory system at the molecular level despite the bolus of calcium availability provided by the extrasystole.