Siang Kok Sim

A foundation for machine learning in design

This paper presents a formalism for considering the issues of learning in design. A foundation for machine learning in design (MLinD) is defined so as to provide answers to basic questions on learning in design, such as, “What types of knowledge can be learnt?”, “How does learning occur?”, and “When does learning occur?”. Five main elements of MLinD are presented as the input knowledge, knowledge transformers, output knowledge, goals/reasons for learning, and learning triggers. Using this foundation, published systems in MLinD were reviewed. The systematic review presents a basis for validating the presented foundation. The paper concludes that there is considerable work to be carried out in order to fully formalize the foundation of MLinD.

Evaluating A Model of Learning in Design Using Protocol Analysis

In the model of learning in design by Sim and Duffy it was postulated that design and learning are linked at the knowledge level (epistemic link), in a temporal manner (temporal link) and in a purposeful manner through the design and learning goals (teleological link). A video recording of a designer performing his typical day to day activities in a design consulting office was analysed using protocol analysis. This paper presents the results of the protocol analysis in terms of the various links postulated in the model of learning in design.

Knowledge transformers: A link between learning and creativity

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether knowledge transformers that are featured in the learning process are also present in the creative process. First, this was achieved by reviewing accounts of inventions and discoveries with the view of explaining them in terms of knowledge transformers. Second, this was achieved by reviewing models and theories of creativity and identifying the existence of the knowledge transformers. The investigation shows that there is some evidence to show that the creative process can be explained through knowledge transformers. Hence, it is suggested that one of links between learning and creativity is through the knowledge transformers.

A Model of Learning in Design

Learning in design is a phenomenon observed in design practice. Yet there is no comprehensive model or theory that explains the phenomenon and serves as a basis upon which design support systems are developed. This paper describes the development of a novel model of learning in design, LinD, that seeks to formalise the nature of learning in design. The model features formalisms for describing the cognitive activities of design and learning and three links that explain the interactions between these activities; these links being the epistemic, teleological and temporal links.Copyright