Silamar Ferraz

Nematicidal hydrocarbons from Mucuna aterrima

Two bioactive natural products were isolated from Mucuna aterrima leaves and stems. The bioassay was made in vitro with Meloidogyne incognita strain 3 and in vivo in the greenhouse using tomato plants. The products were an aliphatic alcohol (1-triacontanol) and an ester (triacontyl tetracosanate).

Nematicidal activity of extracts of red hot chili pepper, mustard and garlic on Meloidogyne javanica in green house.

Neves, W.S; Freitas, L.G.; Coutinho, M.M.; Giaretta-Dallemole, R.; Fabry, C.F.S.; Dhingra, O.D. & Ferraz, S. Nematicidal activity of extracts of red hot chili pepper, mustard and garlic on Meloidogyne javanica in green house. Summa Phytopathologica, v.35, n.4, p.255-261, 2009 The experiment had the objectives of evaluate the nematicidal activity of botanical extracts of chili pepper fruits (Capsicum frutescens), mustard (Brassica campestris) and garlig (Allium sativum) on the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica in tomato plants in the greenhouse, and in a second step, to compare the best extracts for the reduction of the number of eggs and root galls with two products containing capsaicin, capsainoids and allyl isothiocyanate. A sieved mixture of soil and sand 1:1 (v:v) was used to fill plastic pots and infested with 4000 eggs of M. javanica. After 4 days, 20 mL of one of the extracts, in the concentration of 1000ppm, were poured over the soil of each pot. Water was poured in the test treatment. Twenty day-old tomato seedlings were planted, one per pot, four days after the aplication of the extracts. Forty five days after planting, the number of galls and eggs per plant was evaluated. The chloroformic and cetonic extracts of chili pepper and the mustard oil presented the highest effect on the nematode population, differing from the control treatment in respect to the number of galls, but only the mustard oil differed from the control in the number of eggs per plant. The chloroformic and cetonic extracts of chili pepper and the mustard oil reduced in 34,5%, 40,4% and 99,9% the number of galls, respectively, and the mustard oil reduced the number of eggs in 99,9%. In the following experiment, the chloroformic extract of chili pepper, the mustard oil, a commercial product (Champon®) and a product in development at the UFV called DS, both containing capsaicin, capsainoids and allyl isothiocyanate, were compared at different concentrations. The Champon®, the DS and the mustard oil reduced the egg and gall numbers in comparison with the control treatment in all the tested concentrations. The pepper extract show the best result at 400 ppm, reducing the number of galls and eggs per root system in relation to the control treatment, however, these numbers were much higher than the observed in the Champon® and the DS treatments.

{null=Cover crops and Pochonia chlamydosporia for the control of Meloidogyne javanica, en=Cover crops and Pochonia chlamydosporia for the control of Meloidogyne javanica }

{null=The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the combination of Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia with summer and winter cover plants on the control of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato plants under glasshouse conditions. Treatment combinations were with four soil covers (pearl millet and Surinam grass in Experiment 1, oil radish and black oat in Experiment 2; plus tomato and fallow controls) and two P. chlamydosporia treatments (with or without the fungus). The antagonist was applied to nematode-infested soil when the cover crops or tomato were planted. Tomato plants were removed and the above-ground parts of the cover crops were cut, dried, and placed on the pots 60 days after planting. One tomato seedling was transplanted in each pot in a no-tillage system and cultivated for 60 days. Surinam grass, pearl millet and black oat reduced galls and eggs of M. javanica by more than 90%, without application of the fungus. However, P. chlamydosporia + Surinam grass significantly reduced by 72% the number of galls compared with cultivation of the grass in soil without the fungus. Pochonia chlamydosporia became established in soil and could be re-isolated at the end of both experiments. Colony forming units (CFU) (g soil)–1 varied from 1.0 × 105 (fallow) to 2.6 × 105 (pearl millet) and from 1.1 × 105 (fallow) to 2.3 × 105 (oil radish) for the experiments with summer soil cover crops and winter soil cover crops, respectively. The cultivation of Surinam grass, pearl millet and black oat reduced M. javanica populations, and the combination with P. chlamydosporia may favour the establishment of the fungus in the soil and enhance the control of the nematode., en= The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the combination of Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia with summer and winter cover plants on the control of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato plants under glasshouse conditions. Treatment combinations were with four soil covers (pearl millet and Surinam grass in Experiment 1, oil radish and black oat in Experiment 2; plus tomato and fallow controls) and two P. chlamydosporia treatments (with or without the fungus). The antagonist was applied to nematode-infested soil when the cover crops or tomato were planted. Tomato plants were removed and the above-ground parts of the cover crops were cut, dried, and placed on the pots 60 days after planting. One tomato seedling was transplanted in each pot in a no-tillage system and cultivated for 60 days. Surinam grass, pearl millet and black oat reduced galls and eggs of M. javanica by more than 90%, without application of the fungus. However, P. chlamydosporia+Surinam grass significantly reduced by 72% the number of galls compared with cultivation of the grass in soil without the fungus. Pochonia chlamydosporia became established in soil and could be re-isolated at the end of both experiments. Colony forming units (CFU) (g soil)−1 varied from 1.0×105 (fallow) to 2.6×105 (pearl millet) and from 1.1×105 (fallow) to 2.3×105 (oil radish) for the experiments with summer soil cover crops and winter soil cover crops, respectively. The cultivation of Surinam grass, pearl millet and black oat reduced M. javanica populations, and the combination with P. chlamydosporia may favour the establishment of the fungus in the soil and enhance the control of the nematode. }

Meloidogyne javanica control by Pochonia chlamydosporia, Gracilibacillus dipsosauri and soil conditioner in tomato

Organic matter plays a fundamental role in the antagonistic activity of microorganisms against phytonematode populations on the soil. In this study, the compatibility between the fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia (Pc-12) and the rhizobacterium Gracilibacillus dipsosauri (MIC 14) was evaluated in vitro, as well as the effect of the fungus at the concentration of 5,000 chlamydospores per gram of soil, rhizobacterium at 4.65 x 109 cells/g of soil, and the soil conditioner Ribumin® at 10 g/pot, either alone or in combination, against Meloidogyne javanica population in tomato plants (3,000 eggs/pot). A suspension of water or Ribumin® alone was applied on the soil as negative control, while a suspension of nematode eggs was applied as positive control. The reduction in the number of galls in roots per plant was 48 and 41% for the treatments Ribumin + MIC 14 + Pc-12 and MIC 14 + Pc-12, respectively. Regarding to the number of eggs per plant, MIC 14 and Pc-12 + Ribumin led to a reduction by 26 and 21%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Interaction between the nematophagous fungus and the rhizobacterium was positive for the nematode control, even though G. dipsosauri inhibited P. chlamydosporia growth by up to 30% in in vitro tests.

Flutuação populacional e efeito da distância e profundidade sobre nematoides em bananeira no norte de Minas Gerais

The distribution of Meloidogyne javanica and Helicotylenchus multicinctus populations was assessed in naturally infested area cultivated with banana cv. Prata-Ana irrigated by microaspersion. Soil samples were taken at distances of 20, 40, 80 and 120 cm from the pseudostem and from 20, 40 and 60 cm of depth, bimonthly, per two years. The population densities of M. javanica and H. multicinctus were greater at distances of 20 and 40 cm from the pseudostem, respectively. The population of both species M. javanica and H. multicinctus was high in December 2002 and decreased until November 2004 when it became stable.

Avaliação de Extratos Aquosos de Espécies Vegetais, Aplicados Via Pulverização Foliar, Sobre Meloidogyne javanica

Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, CEP 36570-000, Vicosa-MG, Brasil. E-mail: cris_gardiano@yahoo.com.brAutor para correspondencia: Cristiane Goncalves GardianoData de chegada: 14/08/2007. Aceito para publicacao em: 30/06/20081523Diversos compostos com potencial nematicida podem ser obtidosa partir de plantas. Entretanto, a aplicacao de tais extratos,principalmente na forma de pulverizacao sobre a parte aerea, vemsendo pouco estudada para o controle deste patogeno. Desta forma, oobjetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a atividade nematicida sistemica dosprincipios ativos encontrados em especies de plantas, via pulverizacaofoliar dos extratos aquosos, sobre

Obtenção de bactérias para a o biocontrole de Meloidogyne javanica por meio de aquecimento de solo e tratamento com filtrado de raízes de plantas antagonistas a fitonematóides

Five samples of 1 kg each of organic soil (10.14 dag/kg) were autoclaved at 120 °C for 1 hour, five were heated in a 660 watt and 2450 Hz microwave oven at full power for 4 min, and five were not heat-treated. Roots of Mucuna aterrima, Crotalaria juncea, Tagetes erecta and Lycopersicon esculentum were macerated, separately, in 1000 ml of tap water in a blender at low speed for 30 s, then sieved. Each of the resulting suspensions or just tap water (control treatment) was poured on one of the different soil samples inside a plastic bag and stored at 28 °C for 24 h. Seventy-eight bacterial isolates were obtained from the soil samples by serial dilution and selected for a subsequent assay for the biocontrol of Meloidogyne javanica. Tomato seeds were soaked in suspension of each bacterial isolate, then sowed in substrate inside plastic tubes in the greenhouse. The seedlings were each inoculated with 400 eggs of the nematode. The isolate UFV-6 of Escherichia coli reduced the number of galls to the highest extent (80%), and UFV-8 of Citrobacter freundii was the most effective in reducing number of eggs (83%). The identification of the isolates was done by fatty acid analyses and biochemical tests.

Evaluation of plant aqueous extracts, added into the soil, on Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949.

O uso de extratos vegetais com propriedades nematicidas no controle de fitonematoides representa mais uma alternativa para os pequenos produtores, com valor pratico e economico, e sem riscos de contaminacao do ambiente. A adicao ao solo dos extratos aquosos de 20 especies de plantas foi avaliada sobre a populacao de Meloidogyne javanica em plantas de tomateiro, em casa de vegetacao. Estas foram divididas em dois grupos e avaliadas em dois experimentos separados. No mesmo dia em que se infestou o solo com 5.000 ovos do nematoide, adicionou-se 20 mL dos extratos aquosos obtidos de folhas de artemisia ( Chrysanthemum parthenium ), bardana ( Arctium lappa ), capim cidreira ( Cymbopogon citratus ), carqueja ( Bacharis trimera ), cavalinha ( Equisetum sp.), cinamomo ( Melia azedarach ), hortela ( Mentha sp.), mamona ( Ricinus communis ), manjericao ( Ocimum basilicum ), melao-de-Sao-Caetano ( Momordica charantia ), arruda ( Ruta graveolens ), falso-boldo ( Coleus barbatus ), confrei ( Symphitum officinalis ), erva-de-bicho ( Polygonum acre ), feijao-de-porco ( Canavalia ensiformis ), funcho ( Foeniculum vulgare ), guine ( Petiveria alliacea ), mentrasto ( Ageratum conyzoides ), mucuna-cinza ( Mucuna pruriens ) e nim ( Azadirachta indica ). Agua destilada foi adicionada ao solo como tratamento testemunha. Apos 60 dias, avaliou-se a altura das plantas, o peso fresco da parte aerea e da raiz e os numeros de galhas e de ovos por sistema radicular. Os extratos de hortela, bardana e mamona reduziram o numero de galhas em 75,6%, 65,7% e 54,4%, e o numero de ovos em 81,7%, 75,9% e 56,6%, respectivamente.

Efeitos de diferentes níveis de matéria orgânica no solo e de inóculo sobre a interação planta-Meloidogyne spp. e a produção massal de Pasteuria penetrans

The effects of four different proportions of cow manure, 0, 20, 33 and 50% (V:V) and three Meloidogyne spp. inoculum levels (3,000; 6,000 and 9,000 J2 per plant) on the phenol concentration in the tomato roots, in the nematode female development, the giant cells induced by the nematode and on the reproduction of Pasteuria penetrans were investigated. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse, in a completely randomized design with twelve replicates, and evaluated 50 days after inoculation. The size of nematode females was higher when the plants were inoculated with 3,000 J2. Higher proportion of females infected by P. penetrans was observed when the plants were cultivated in the substrate without cow manure or when plants were inoculated with 3,000 J2. Plants inoculated with 9,000 J2 and cultivated on substrate with 20% of cow manure yielded more endospores. The phenolic content in the roots increased as higher proportions of cow manure were used in the substrate or when the plants were inoculated with the highest number of nematodes. The giant cells of plants cultivated on substrate with 33 and 50% of cow manure were less numerous, smaller and had less nuclei number, demonstrating the deleterious effect of organic amendments on the giant cells, on the nematodes and on the P. penetrans reproduction.

Incorporação ao solo de substrato contendo micélio e conídios de Pochonia chlamydosporia para o manejo de Meloidogyne javanica

Chlamydospores are the main propagules used as source of inoculum of Pochonia chlamydosporia in biocontrol experiments of root-knot nematodes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the control of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato plants by the soil application of rice grains colonized by Pochonia chlamydosporia containing just mycelium and conidia, without chlamydospores. The fungus (isolate Pc-10) was grown for 15 days at 26°C on grains of rice, previously sterilized in microwave oven. Two experiments were simultaneously carried out under greenhouse conditions. In the experiment 1, 2-L pots were filled with a soil:sand mixture (1:1, v:v) containing 3g kg-1 of soil of rice grains colonized by the antagonist. In the experiment 2, the fungus was added into the soil of 0.5L pots at the doses of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30g kg-1 of soil. The soil of each pot was infested with 4,000 eggs of M. javanica and one tomato seedling was transplanted in each pot after fifteen days. In the experiment 1, the application of the fungus into the soil reduced the number of galls and eggs of the nematode by 40% and 72.83%, respectively. In the experiment 2, it was observed the reduction of the number of eggs from the dose of 5 g kg-1 of soil and of the number of galls, particularly at the doses of 25 and 30g kg-1 of soil. As a conclusion, P. chlamydosporia controlled M. javanica on tomato plants even when applied into the soil as colonized-rice grains and without chlamydospores.