Silvia Marisa Jesien Pinent

Biologia de frankliniella schultzei (trybom) (thysanoptera: thripidae) em tomateiro

Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was found infesting tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Porto Alegre, RS. The work was carried out in the laboratory where thrips were placed in acetate pots, covered with parafilm and fed daily with tomato leaflets. Observations of its life cycle were made for two consecutive generations (n = 109 individuals). Embryonic period lasted 4.3 d; the 1st instar 2.5 d; the 2nd instar 2.5 d; prepupa 1.2 d; pupa 2. 1 d; duration of the immature phase 8.3 d; male longevity lasted 13.1 and female longevity 13.6 d; viability of the instars was 75.5% 1st; 76.3% 2nd; prepupa 91.9%; pupa 80.0%; and cycle duration took 12.6 d. Reproduction was exclusively partenogenetic.

Caracterização das injúrias causadas por Frankliniella occidentalis no morangueiro

Frankliniella occidentalis has been reported as one of the major pests associated with strawberry. However, the symptoms of insect attack are not characterized and their presence are related to deformed fruits. The injury caused by F. occidentalis in strawberries was studied by infesting flowers, unripe and ripe fruits with 20 adult for five days and during all the ripening period inoculating 20 adults each five days. In flowers, it was observed that F. occidentalis feeding caused damage in the stamens and floral receptacle. In the unripe and ripe fruits it was observed russeting on the fruits basis, under the calyx and around the achenes. In the treatment where the insects were maintained during all the ripening period, only 17.6% of the fruits showed more than 40% of the area with russeting. Insect feeding causes russet in unripe and ripe fruits and fruit deformation are not associated with thrips presence of deformation.

Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae, Phlaeothripidae) damaging peach in Paranapanema, São Paulo State, Brazil

Seeking to identify thrips species associated to peach and the injuries they cause, plants of Aurora and Tropic Beauty cultivars were weekly monitored, from May to August of 2005, in Holambra II district, in Paranapanema, SP. Flowers and fruits from six plants per hectare were sampled by the hitting technique. Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), F. schultzei (Trybom), F. gardenia (Moulton), F. condei John, F. insularis (Franklin) and Thrips tabaci Lindeman, in Thripidae, and Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin), in Phlaeothripidae were identified. F. occidentalis was dominant, comprising 55.7% of the total specimens sampled. Slight and severe injuries were registered in fruits.

Exigências térmicas e estimativa do número de gerações anuais de Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) em morangueiro

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is one of the major strawberry pests in southern Brazil. The insect causes russeting and wither in flowers and fruits reducing commercial value. In this work, the thermal requirements of the eggs, larvae and pupae of F. occidentalis were estimated. Thrips development was studied in folioles of strawberry plants at six constant temperatures (16, 19, 22, 25, 28 and 31°C) in controlled conditions (70 ± 10% R.H. and 12:12 L:D). The number of annual generations of F. occidentalis was estimated for six strawberry production regions of Rio Grande do Sul State based on its thermal requirements. Developmental time of each F. occidentalis stages was proportional to the temperature increase. The best development rate was obtained when insects were reared at 25oC and 28oC. The lower threshold and the thermal requirements for the egg to adult stage were 9.9oC and 211.9 degree-days, respectively. Considering the thermal requirements of F. occidentalis, 10.7, 12.6, 13.1, 13.6, 16.5 and 17.9 generations/year were estimated, respectively, for Vacaria, Caxias do Sul, Farroupilha, Pelotas, Porto Alegre and Taquari producing regions located in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.

Thrips species (Insecta: Thysanoptera) associated to Cowpea in Piauí, Brazil

Tripes ainda sao pouco conhecidos em caupi, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., no Piaui, a despeito de sua importância economica na cultura, que se destaca como um dos principais cultivos das regioes Norte e Nordeste do Brasil. Assim, esse estudo objetivou identificar as especies de tripes associadas a cultura em Teresina e Bom Jesus, Piaui, Brasil. De outubro de 2007 a agosto de 2008, inflorescencias de caupi foram amostradas no dois municipios, por meio tecnica do ensacamento simples. Apos triagens, os tripes foram preservados em AGA, montados em lâminas de microscopia permanentes e identificados. As especies identificadas foram: Frankliniella brevicaulis Hood, 1937, F. insularis (Franklin, 1908), F. schultzei (Trybom, 1910), F. tritici (Fitch, 1855) e Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin, 1908). As lâminas estao depositadas na colecao entomologica do Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Piaui. Uma chave de identificacao para as especies e fornecida.

Biologia e tabela de vida de fertilidade de Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) em morangueiro

Biology and fertility life table of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) in strawberry. This work aimed to study biological aspects of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) considering that almost nothing is known about the thrips fauna associated with strawberry crop. Newly hatched larvae were individualized into Petri dishes, containing a flower or a foliole of strawberry and kept in chambers (25 ± 1 °C, 60 ± 10% RH; 12 hours photophase). Daily observations were conducted until the insect death. The average time of the biological cycle (larva-adult) and viability did not differ between the insects maintained in flowers (8.49 ± 0.18 and 68.52%) and folioles (8.85 ± 0.15 and 75.47%). The daily and total average fecundity were higher when flowers were provided as food (7.4 ± 0.69 and 70.0 ± 9.18 eggs/femeale respectively) compared with folioles (2.4 ± 0.35 and 8.5 ± 1,13 eggs/femeale respectively). The average time, in days, of the embryonic period was significantly different for the insects reared in flowers (3.7 ± 0.03) than in folioles (4.4 ± 0.09). The viability of eggs deposited in flowers and folioles was 65.5 ± 0.01 and 74.3 ± 0.03% respectively. Based upon the fertility life table, the performance of F. occidentalis reared in flowers was better when compared to folioles. A generation (egg-adult) occurs each 20.92 days at 25 °C.

Species of thrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera) in two strawberry production systems in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Species of thrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera) in two strawberry production systems in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Thrips are tiny insects responsible for the reduction of strawberry fruit quality. The work aimed to record and quantify the thysanopterofauna present in two strawberry production systems, low tunnel and semi-hydroponic. Leaves, flowers and fruits were collected weekly, from July 2005 to December 2006 in Caxias do Sul and Bom Principio municipalities, RS. A total of 664 individuals were collected, representing two families, four genus and 10 species: Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande, 1895), F. schultzei (Trybom, 1910), F. rodeos Moulton, 1933, F. simplex (Priesner, 1924), F. williamsi (Hood, 1915), F. gemina (Bagnall, 1919), Frankliniella sp., Thrips tabaci (Lindeman, 1888), Thrips tabaci (Lindeman, 1888), Caliothrips fasciatus (Pergande 1895) from Thripidae and Heterothrips sp. from Heterothripidae. Frankliniella occidentalis represented 89.7% of the samples with 95.8% of the species collected in flowers, 3.9% in fruits and 0.8% in leaves. The results show that flowers are the most important food resource for these insects on strawberry plants. Frankliniella rodeos, F. simplex, F. williamsi, C. fasciatus, and Heterothrips sp. are new records on strawberry for Brazil.

First register of occurrence of Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom, 1910) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in the state of Piauí, Brazil

(L.) Walp.), known in the Brazilian northeast as “Feijao-de-corda” is a rustic Leguminosae with great productive capacity, cultivated mainly by small and average farmers in northern and northeastern Brazil. In these regions, this food constitutes the main source of protein for the population, thereby constituting great social importance. Cowpea is susceptible to many pests, which can cause considerable losses in its productivity. Among these pests are thrips (Thysanoptera), which still remain unknown by most of the producers and are responsible for floral abortion, causing losses in farming (Freire Filho et al, 2005). These insects have become important pests in Cowpea in the last few years, mainly in drought periods (Andrade Junior et al., 2002), especially by the middle of the year, when the weather is hot and the humidity rate is low in the Brazilian northeast. Thrips attack flowers more often, provoking floral abortion. In high numbers, they can also attack leaves and branches. However, attack on flowers causes greater damage and, as they hide inside the petals, the action of insecticides can be made difficult (Freire Filho et al., 2005).Throughout the world, 6000 species of thrips are known (Mound and Morris, 2007). Five hundred and twenty of them are recorded in Brazil (Monteiro et al

Thrips Species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Brazilian Papaya (Brassicales: Caricaceae) Orchards as Potential Virus Vectors

Summary Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) are pests of many fruit crops because they cause feeding damage or act as virus vectors. Seven thrips species were collected using Moericke yellow traps in papaya (Brassicales: Caricaceae) orchards, and Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard), the most frequent one (76.6%), occurred during all months evaluated. This is the first record of Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) and F. australis Morgan in papaya orchards. Some of these species are minor pests of papaya, but some of them, such as F. schultzei, were reported as virus vectors to other commercial crops. The importance of these findings and needs for future research are discussed.