Silvia Minharro

Biotyping and Genotyping (MLVA16) of Brucella abortus Isolated from Cattle in Brazil, 1977 to 2008

Brucellosis is a worldwide distributed zoonosis that causes important economic losses to animal production. In Brazil, information on the distribution of biovars and genotypes of Brucella spp. is scarce or unavailable. This study aimed (i) to biotype and genotype 137 Brazilian cattle isolates (from 1977 to 2008) of B. abortus and (ii) to analyze their distribution. B. abortus biovars 1, 2 and 3 (subgroup 3b) were confirmed and biovars 4 and 6 were first described in Brazil. Genotyping by the panel 1 revealed two groups, one clustering around genotype 40 and another around genotype 28. Panels 2A and 2B disclosed a high diversity among Brazilian B. abortus strains. Eighty-nine genotypes were found by MLVA16. MLVA16 panel 1 and 2 showed geographic clustering of some genotypes. Biotyping and MLVA16 genotyping of Brazilian B. abortus isolates were useful to better understand the epidemiology of bovine brucellosis in the region.

Evaluation of Brucella abortus S19 vaccines commercialized in Brazil: immunogenicity, residual virulence and MLVA15 genotyping.

Live attenuated Brucella abortus S19 is the most effective vaccine against brucellosis in cattle. The assessment of the immunological parameters is essential to guarantee the biological quality of live anti-bacteria vaccines. The evaluation of genetic stability of live bacterial vaccines is also important in quality control. The aims of the present study were to compare (i) the immunogenicity and residual virulence, and (ii) the genotypic profile (MLVA15) of the eight S19 vaccines commercialized in Brazil to the USDA S19 reference strain. Two batches of each of the eight S19 commercial vaccines used in Brazil (A-H) were tested. They were submitted to the potency and residual virulence in vivo tests recommended by OIE and typed by the multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) described for Brucella spp. Our results demonstrated that all S19 vaccines commercialized in Brazil would be approved by Brazilian and OIE recommendations for potency and residual virulence. Furthermore, the S19 vaccine is genetically very homogeneous, as all but two batches (from the same manufacturer) tested showed identical MLVA15 profile. The two batches with different profiles presented six repeat units in locus Bruce07, instead of the five found in all other strains, including the USDA S19 reference strain. Although presenting a slightly different profile, this vaccine was also protective, as demonstrated by the immunogenicity and residual virulence assays performed. Therefore, the commercial Brazilian S19 vaccines were in accordance to Brazilian and international standards for immunogenicity and residual virulence tests. Moreover, our results also show that MLVA could be a useful inclusion to the list of in vitro tests required by the official control authorities to be applied to the commercial S19 vaccines, as an efficient assay to guarantee the quality and stability of the vaccine strains.

Reduced Susceptibility to Rifampicin and Resistance to Multiple Antimicrobial Agents among Brucella abortus Isolates from Cattle in Brazil

This study aimed to determine the susceptibility profile of Brazilian Brucella abortus isolates from cattle to eight antimicrobial agents that are recommended for the treatment of human brucellosis and to correlate the susceptibility patterns with origin, biotype and MLVA16-genotype of the strains. Screening of 147 B. abortus strains showed 100% sensitivity to doxycycline and ofloxacin, one (0.68%) strain resistant to ciprofloxacin, two strains (1.36%) resistant to streptomycin, two strains (1.36%) resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and five strains (3.40%) resistant to gentamicin. For rifampicin, three strains (2.04%) were resistant and 54 strains (36.73%) showed reduced sensitivity. Two strains were considered multidrug resistant. In conclusion, the majority of B. abortus strains isolated from cattle in Brazil were sensitive to the antimicrobials commonly used for the treatment of human brucellosis; however, a considerable proportion of strains showed reduced susceptibility to rifampicin and two strains were considered multidrug resistant. Moreover, there was no correlation among the drug susceptibility pattern, origin, biotype and MLVA16-genotypes of these strains.

Phylogenetic Group of Escherichia coli Isolates from Broilers in Brazilian Poultry Slaughterhouse

The aim of the study was to determine the phylogenetic groups of E. coli strains isolated from seemingly healthy broiler and broiler condemned suspected of colibacillosis in a Brazilian slaughterhouse. Samples from respiratory tract and edible giblets (liver and heart) of broilers with and without macroscopic lesions of colibacillosis were collected at slaughter. There were 84 strains isolated from broilers condemned of which 11 were obtained from swabs of the heart, 7 from the liver, and 66 from the respiratory tract. Of the 53 E. coli strains isolated from broilers not condemned, 5 were isolated from the heart, 4 from the liver, and 44 from the respiratory tract. E coli strains were tested via PCR for phylogenetic groups A, B1, B2, C, D, E, and F. Phylogroups A and B1 were the most common phylogroups of E. coli obtained from healthy and sick-appearing broiler carcasses. The results of the study showed that phylogroups B2 and E were associated with the heart samples and phylogroup A was associated with respiratory tract samples, phylogroup B1 with not condemned carcass, and phylogroup D with liver samples.

Anticorpos anti-Brucella canis e anti-Brucella abortus em cães de Araguaína, Tocantins

The aims of the present study were to determine the seroprevalence of infection by Brucella canis and Brucella abortus and to evaluate possible risk factors for infection in dogs from Araguaina, Tocantins, Brazil. Sera from 374 dogs, of the urban zones of the municipality, from both sexes, were submitted to the agar-gel immunodiffusion for Brucella canis-antibodies and to rose Bengal test (AAT) and fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) for Brucella abortus-antibodies. From the 374 tested dogs, 21 reacted in the AAT, but no one was positive in the FPA. The seroprevalence of B. canis infection found in Araguaina, Tocantins, Brazil, was 44.53% (95% IC; 39.43 to 49.72). No association was found among seropositivity for B. canis and the risk factors studied. Thus, data from the present study showed that there was no infection by B. abortus among dogs in the sample and that infection by B. canis is widespread and at high prevalence in Araguaina, Tocantins, Brazil.

Impacto da heterogeneidade de variância residual na avaliação genética de rebanho Nelore no Bioma Amazônia

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of heterogeneity of residual variance on genetic evaluation of cattle raised on pasture from Amazonia Bioma, Brazil. Adjusted weights at weaning weight (205 days of age) were sorted in three phenotypic classes: low (less than average weight), medium (between the average and the average plus one standard deviation) and high (greater than average plus one standard deviation). There was increased of genetic additive direct and residual variances to the extent that increased phenotypic classes. The heritabilities for low, medium and high phenotypic classes were 0.27, 0.33 and 0.26, respectively. These estimates suggest that mass selection could result in genetic gain on breeding program that use weaning weight as a selection criteria. Genetic correlations between the low and medium, low and high, and medium and high phenotypic classes were 0.82, 0.35 and 0.72, respectively. The estimate of correlation of the breeding values of sire shown effect of the heterogeneity of phenotypic variance on the prediction of animals breeding values. There was a major variability for the breeding values of sires at high phenotype class. Thus, we suggested the identification and selection of sires with the highest breeding values for weaning weight, according with environment in which these animals are being raised.

PCR Multiplex fluorescente para detecção de bactérias em sêmen bovino

This study aimed to evaluate the threshold of detection of fluorescent multiplex PCR coupled with capillary electrophoresis for detection of infectious agents in semen samples from experimentally infected with decreasing concentrations of the bacteria Brucella abortus, Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, Campylobacter fetus and Haemophilus somnus. Samples of bovine semen were experimentally infected with decreasing concentrations of bacteria obtained from serial dilutions in the base 10 so as to obtain samples containing a long time until 10-7 bacteria/mL from the initial concentration of Lepstospira pomona, Brucella abortus, Haemophilus somnus and Campylobacter fetus. The dilutions were made individually for each bacterium, as well as in different concentrations needed to standardize the multiplex PCR test. DNA extractions of all solutions containing sperm and bacteria analyzed in this study were performed according to protocol described by Heinemann et al. (2000). The multiplex PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis on 8% polyacrylamide gel and capillary electrophoretic separation system for automated equipment in the analysis of DNA fragments MegaBACE. We observed amplification of fragments of 193pb, 330pb, 415pb and 400bp from the DNA of B. abortus, L. pomona, H. somnus, C. fetus respectively. The analysis by capillary electrophoresis of multiplex PCR products of DNA for simultaneous detection of the four pathogens was observed by detecting the dilution of 10-3 bacteria / mL times the initial concentration of the stock solution of each bacterium. The multiplex PCR coupled with capillary electrophoresis was first used for the direct diagnosis of four pathogenic bacteria in semen, proving to be a rapid method to detect bacteria that cause reproductive disorders.

Caracterização das proteínas de superfície de membrana externa da sorovariedade Hardjo isolada de bovinos em Minas Gerais

Differences in the protein profile of Leptospira sp. strains Sponselee, Norma and Hardjoprajitno were observed, with bands ranging from 175.47 kDa to 12.10 kDa. Strain Sponselee presented a 12-band profile, while strain Norma showed 11 and strain Hardjoprajitno showed 9 bands in the profile. All bands observed in Sponselee strain profile could match bands in the other two strains. Strain Norma lacks a band at 35.77 kDa and strain Hardjoprajitno lacks the bands at 89.59 kDa, 35.77 kDa and 12.10 kDa. The recognition profile from hyperimmune sera was also different for the studied serovar Hadjo strains. The majority of recognized proteins was in the range of 35.83 kDa to 29.19 kDa. Cattle sera against strain Norma only recognized low molecular mass proteins in strains Norma (6.80 kDa) and Hardjoprajitno (6.80 kDa and 5.30 kDa). Bovine sera against strain Hardjoprajitno recognized a 44.33 kDa protein in all studied strains and proteins of 4.22 kDa in strains Sponselee and Norma and of 10.49 kDa and 6.16 kDa in strain Hadjoprajitno. The different identified proteins could become specific targets to the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines against bovine leptospirosis.