Silvio Moure Cicero

Avaliação de danos mecânicos em sementes de soja por meio da análise de imagens.

The present study had the objective of developing a non-conventional method to determine mechanical damage in soybean seeds, and also to verify its relation to the physiological quality, using the image analysis technique. Unlike the traditional tests, this technique analyzes seeds without destroying them, and together with the germination test, it can be observed that the damage detected in the image analysis is really important because of its influence on the germination process. The research was carried out with three cultivars of soybean (FT-2, FT-10 and IAC-2), possessing different contents of lignin in the seed coat (different resistance performance for mechanical damage). The mechanical damage had been caused by means of the pendulum test in six different regions of the seeds. The image analysis identified external and internal mechanical damage in soybean seeds, and was also efficient in detecting weathering and stink-bug damage.

Avaliação do relacionamento entre danos mecânicos e vigor, em sementes de milho, por meio da análise de imagens

3 RESUMO - A possibilidade de utilizacao da tecnica de analise de imagens, para a determinacao de danos mecânicos em sementes, e promissora; e um metodo de precisao, onde as sementes podem ser examinadas individualmente em imagens ampliadas e capazes de indicar, com detalhes, a area danificada, a localizacao e a extensao do dano. Por se tratar de metodo nao destrutivo, as sementes em analise podem ser submetidas a testes fisiologicos e, desta forma, permitir o estabelecimento de relacoes entre os danos mecânicos e os prejuizos causados a qualidade. Assim, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de estudar os efeitos dos danos mecânicos sobre o vigor de sementes de milho, utilizando a referida tecnica. Cinquenta sementes de cada um dos cultivares estudados (CO 32, AG 6690 e Attack) foram selecionadas visualmente, de tal maneira que a amostra fosse constituida por sementes integras e com danos mecânicos de intensidades variaveis. Em seguida, as sementes foram radiografadas, fotografadas (faces ventral e dorsal) e destinadas ao teste de frio (metodo do rolo de papel com terra). As plântulas normais, anormais e sementes mortas provenientes do teste de frio foram, tambem, fotografadas. As imagens obtidas foram disponibilizadas em computador de tal maneira que, examinadas simultaneamente na tela do monitor, pudessem ser buscadas relacoes de causa e efeito nas imagens anteriores e posteriores ao teste de frio. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o metodo estudado permite relacionar o dano mecânico com eventuais prejuizos ocasionados ao vigor das sementes de milho. ABSTRACT - Image analysis is a very promising technique to determine mechanical damage in seeds. This precise method examines seeds individually using enlarged images in which damaged areas as well as their exact location and extension can be found and examined in detail. Since this is a non-destructive method, analyzed seeds can be submitted to physiological tests to establish the relationship between mechanical damage and quality loss. The objective of the present investigation was to study the effects of mechanical damage on corn/maize seed vigor using image analysis. Fifty seeds from CO 32, AG 6690 and Attack cultivars were visually selected to form a sample of whole seeds with varying degrees of mechanical damage. The seeds were x-rayed, photographed (ventral and dorsal sides) and submitted to a cold test. Photographs were repeated after the cold test. Images were transferred to a computer so that pre and post cold test images could be examined simultaneously on the monitor to determine the possible relationship between cause and effect. Results indicated that the method under study permits association of mechanical damage with eventual losses caused to corn/maize seed vigor.

Adequação do teste de raios X para avaliação da qualidade de sementes de Embaúba (Cecropia pachystachya Trec.)

The x-ray test was studied to evaluate the quality of embauba seeds and verify the influence of the internal morphology on the seed germination. Seeds of a lot harvested in 2005 were used from the Bio Flora company. The seeds were exposed to radiation for various amounts of time and intensity, using Faxitron X-Ray equipment, model MX-20. The seeds were divided into three categories according to their internal structure visualized by radiographs in totally formed, partially formed and not formed seeds. Soon after, seeds were submitted to the germination test. The results showed that the time of 360 seconds and 10kV intensity are recommendable for visualizing internal seed structures. The x-ray test is efficient to evaluate development level of embauba seed structure. There is correlation between seed formation and the germination test results.

ALTERAÇÕES BIOQUÍMICAS E FISIOLÓGICAS EM SEMENTES DE MILHO CAUSADAS PELO AO ENVELHECIMENTO ACELERADO 1

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Análise de imagens na avaliação da qualidade de sementes de milho localizadas em diferentes posições na espiga

RESUMO – A analise de imagens, para avaliar a qualidade de sementes, e um metodo de precisaoque possibilita examinar, com detalhes, a regiao danificada ou alterada, sua localizacao e extensao.Por ser um metodo nao destrutivo, as sementes em analise podem ser submetidas a testes fisiologicose, desta forma, e possivel estabelecer as relacoes de causa e efeito. Assim, a pesquisa teve oobjetivo de estudar os efeitos de diferentes posicoes da semente de milho na espiga, sobre aqualidade, utilizando-se a tecnica de analise de imagens. Para tanto, as espigas do cultivar DKB212 foram debulhadas de maneira que pudessem ser isoladas as sementes das posicoes proximal,intermediaria e distal. As sementes foram caracterizadas fisicamente e avaliadas quanto ao vigor esanidade. Paralelamente, as sementes foram radiografadas, fotografadas (faces ventral e dorsal) edestinadas ao teste de primeira contagem de germinacao; as plântulas normais, anormais e sementesmortas foram, tambem, fotografadas. Todas as imagens obtidas foram disponibilizadas emcomputador para serem examinadas simultaneamente e, assim, fazer um diagnostico completo paracada semente. As sementes das posicoes proximal e intermediaria apresentam qualidade semelhantee superiores as da posicao distal; sementes esfericas com eixos embrionarios apresentando torcoes,porem nao alterados, nao tem sua qualidade diminuida, no entanto as alteracoes nos eixosembrionarios identificados por manchas escuras e sem definicao, presentes em maior quantidadena posicao distal da espiga, sao responsaveis pela reducao da qualidade das sementes.Termos para indexacao:

TESTE DE GERMINAÇÃO DE SEMENTES DE Parapiptadenia rigida (BENTh.) BRENAN (FABAcEAE) 1

6 RESUMO - Parapiptadenia rigida (angico vermelho) e uma especie florestal brasileira que vem sendo utilizada para restauracao florestal e para a extracao de madeira. No entanto, as informacoes sobre o teste de germinacao para as sementes dessa especie sao escassas, sendo necessarios estudos adicionais visando a definicao e a padronizacao de metodologias mais adequadas. Dessa forma, os efeitos de nove intervalos de temperatura, entre 15°C e 35°C, foram avaliados em mesa termogradiente com fotoperiodo diario de 8 horas; alem disso, foram analisadas quatro condicoes de substratos (sobre papel, rolo de papel, entre vermiculita e sobre vermiculita) em germinadores a 25°C e 30°C, com o mesmo fotoperiodo. Os substratos entre e sobre vermiculita foram testados, tambem, na ausencia de luz, na temperatura de 25°C. Com os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o teste de germinacao de sementes de P. rigida deve ser realizado na temperatura de 25oC, utilizando-se o substrato entre vermiculita, na presenca ou ausencia de luz. Palavras-chave: especies florestais, analise de sementes, substratos. gERMiNATiON TEST OF SEEDS OF Parapiptadenia rigida (BENTh.) BRENAN (FABACEAE) ABSTRACT - Parapiptadenia rigida is a Brazilian tree species that has been used for forest restoration and wood extraction. however, the information available about the germination test with the seeds of this species is scarce, and additional studies are neede define and standardize the most favorable methodologies. Therefore, the effects of nine temperature intervals between 15°C and 35°C were evaluated in a thermo-gradient table with a daily photoperiod of 8 hours and four substrate conditions (on top of the paper, paper roll, in vermiculite and on top of vermiculite) were analyzed in chambers with the same photoperiod, at 25°C and 30°C. The substrates in and on top of vermiculite were also tested without light, at 25oC. The results showed that the germination test of P. rigida seeds should be carried out at 25°C, with the substrate in vermiculite, with or without light.

Avaliação de danos por umidade, em sementes de soja, utilizando a técnica da análise de imagens

RESUMO - Entre os problemas envolvidos na producao de sementes de soja destacam-se os danos por umidade, queresultam em perdas de germinacao e de vigor. A tecnica de analise de imagens, por meio do teste de raios X, e ummetodo de precisao que possibilita examinar , com detalhes, a regiao danificada ou alterada, sua localizacao e extensao.Por ser um metodo nao destrutivo, as sementes em analise podem ser submetidas a testes fisiologicos e, desta forma,e possivel estabelecer as relacoes de causa e efeito. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiencia datecnica de analise de imagens, por meio do teste de raios X, na identificacao dos danos por umidade em sementes desoja, comparativamente ao teste de tetrazolio. Sementes de diferentes lotes de um mesmo cultivar (BRS 184) foramsubmetidas ao teste de raios X e, posteriormente, destinadas ao teste de primeira contagem de germinacao, de forma arelacionar os danos com os possiveis prejuizos proporcionados as sementes. Paralelamente, foi realizado o teste detetrazolio visando comparacao com o teste de raios X. Para a analise interpretativa do teste de raios X, foram consideradasa severidade e a localizacao dos danos, juntamente com as fotografias digitais das plântulas ou sementes mortasresultantes do teste de primeira contagem de germinacao. Com os resultados obtidos, pode-se afirmar que a analise deimagens mostrou-se eficiente na deteccao dos danos por umidade em sementes de soja.Termos para indexacao : Teste de raios X, qualidade de sementes, Glycine max ( L.) Merrill.IMAGE ANAL YSIS TECHNIQUE T O EVALUA TE WEA THERING DAMAGE IN SOYBEAN SEEDSABSTRACT - Image analysis is a very promising technique to determine damage in seeds, which can result in germinationand vigor losses. This precise method examines seeds individually using enlarged images in which damaged areas, aswell their exact location and extension, can be found and examined in detail. Since this is a non-destructive method,analyzed seeds can be submitted to physiological tests to establish the relationship between damage and quality loss.The goal of this research was to study the efficiency of the image analysis technique, by the X-ray test, to identifyweathering damage in soybean seeds, compared with the tetrazolium test. Seeds of different lots of soybean, cultivarBRS 184, were submitted to the X-ray test and, consecutively , used for the first count of the germination test, in orderto determine the possible relationship between cause and ef fect. Simultaneously , the X-ray test was compared with thetetrazolium test. For the interpretation of X-ray test, the severity and location of weathering damage was considered.The results showed that image analysis, by the X-ray test, was efficient in detecting weathering damage in soybeanseeds.Index terms: X ray , seed quality , Glycine max ( L.) Merrill

Spatial variability of soil fertility and its relationship with seed physiological potential in a soybean production area

The correlation of soil fertility x seed physiological potential is very important in the area of seed technology but results published with that theme are contradictory. For this reason, this study to evaluate the correlations between soil chemical properties and physiological potential of soybean seeds. On georeferenced points, both soil and seeds were sampled for analysis of soil fertility and seed physiological potential. Data were assessed by the following analyses: descriptive statistics; Pearsons linear correlation; and geostatistics. The adjusted parameters of the semivariograms were used to produce maps of spatial distribution for each variable. Organic matter content, Mn and Cu showed significant effects on seed germination. Most variables studied presented moderate to high spatial dependence. Germination and accelerated aging of seeds, and P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu and Zn showed a better fit to spherical semivariogram: organic matter, pH and K had a better fit to Gaussian model; and V% and Fe showed a better fit to the linear model. The values for range of spatial dependence varied from 89.9 m for P until 651.4 m for Fe. These values should be considered when new samples are collected for assessing soil fertility in this production area.

Seed vigor and initial growth of corn crop 1

Seed vigor is a characteristic that determines potential for fast and uniform seedling emergence and establishment of crops. Such characteristic defines crop initial growth what could have direct and indirect effects on capacity of plants in capturing natural nutritive resources and intervene in their competition intra- and interspecific. Aiming at identifying and understanding the possible effects of seed vigor on crop initial growth a field experiment was performed during two years at University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil; using two seed lots at each year, which were previously characterized by tests of physiological potential as high and low vigor. Thus, five different ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100) of seeds originating from seed lots with higher or lower vigor were used. Assessments were performed at the phenological stages of four and eight leaves by assessing plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area index. It was also observed that mean values for all variables assessed have increased according to increase of seeds with high vigor at planting row. Therefore, it is concluded that increased percentage of seeds with high vigor results in greater initial growth of cron crop until phenological stage of eight leaves.

Maize seed vigor and weed competition

Seed vigor is directly related to rapid and uniform seedling emergence and to crop initial development, factor which should have significant effects on the ability of plants to compete for the uptake of resources such as water, light and soil nutrients. It was investigated the effects of maize seed vigor on crop initial growth, yield and weed competition. The experiment was conducted in an experimental area at the University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil during the 2007/2008 growing season and used four lots of maize seed hybrid DOW8480, previously characterized with different vigor levels, grown on plots with and without weed control to give a total of eight treatments. Field analysis were made at the 2, 4, 6 and 8 leaves development stages when plants were evaluated by height, stem diameter and leaf area index. The solar radiation incident on intercrop lines was also measured at the 4 leaf development stage. Weed samples were collected during the maize-tasseling stage and evaluated by dry mass accumulation and maize yield was evaluated at harvest. The results showed that seed vigor is directly related to initial crop growth and that this affects maize plant competitive ability with regard to weeds with inferior growth rates. Furthermore, seed vigor has direct effects on maize yield during maximized competition for the uptake of resources.