Simey Thury Vieira Fisch

Landsliding and Its Multiscale Influence on Mountainscapes

Landsliding is a complex process that modifies mountainscapes worldwide. Its severe and sometimes long-lasting negative effects contrast with the less-documented positive effects on ecosystems, raising numerous questions about the dual role of landsliding, the feedbacks between biotic and geomorphic processes, and, ultimately, the ecological and evolutionary responses of organisms. We present a conceptual model in which feedbacks between biotic and geomorphic processes, landslides, and ecosystem attributes are hypothesized to drive the dynamics of mountain ecosystems at multiple scales. This model is used to integrate and synthesize a rich, but fragmented, body of literature generated in different disciplines, and to highlight the need for profitable collaborations between biologists and geoscientists. Such efforts should help identify attributes that contribute to the resilience of mountain ecosystems, and also should help in conservation, restoration, and hazard assessment. Given the sensitivity of mountains to land-use and global climate change, these endeavors are both relevant and timely.

Estrutura e composição do componente arbóreo na Reserva Ecológica do Trabiju, Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brasil

This study examined composition, structure and distribution of tree component in the montane forest in Pindamonhangaba, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. All trees with a trunk diameter at breast height (DBH) > 5 cm were sampled in ten 10×25 m plots stablished between 680 m and 805 m a.s.l. were recorded 517 trees. A total of 75 species, 69 genera on 40 families of vascular plants ocurred in the plots. The community structure was characterized by dominance of Euterpe edulis Mart. (51,26% of total plants), which caused a low Shannon diversity index (2,5910 nats). The forest strucutre was characterized by a high density (2,068 ind./ha) and basal area (44,36 m2/ha). This was atributed to the forest maturity, where secondary species ocurred with great trees and young individuals were absent. Species compositon varied continuously with altitude over a 125 m range, as shown by a cluster analysis. The comparison with others forest areas by use of presence × abscense data showed a higher similarity with Planalto Atlântico forests under wettest and lower mean anual temperature in the east and south of Sao Paulo State.

Estrutura e padrão espacial das populações de Bactris setosa Mart e B. hatschbachii Noblick ex A. Hend (Arecaceae) em um gradiente altitudinal, Ubatuba (SP)

A biology study of Bactris setosa Mart and B. hatschbachii Noblick ex A. Hend was made with the aim of obtaining information about structure and spatial pattern of Bactris palm genus in different stretches in atlantic rain forest in Ubatuba-SP, to asses the population of these species in the altitude gradient. Samples were taken in six altitudes (0 m - on sea level, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 850 m) in round plots of 100 m2. In these plots, the two species were measured. Populations were divided into five size class: classe 1 (acaulescent); classe 2 (1 a 50 cm); classe 3 (51 a 100 cm); classe 4 (101 a 200 cm); classe 5 (> 200 cm). Both populations present a predominance of individual in the class following the seedling class. At sea level both species were abundant (B. hatschbachii, 472 ind/ha and B. setosa, 312 ind/ha) and in the slope B. hatschbachii was more numerous in 400 m (400 ind/ha) of altitude and in 600 m B. setosa (148 ind/ha) was more numerous, in 850 m the two species were not sampled. The results of Morisita index (Id) showed that the spatial pattern for the two species populations was clumped. The populational pattern presented showed that those palm troes are restricted to favorable environment.

DISTINGUISHING Campa guianensis Aubl. FROM Campa procera D.C. (MELIACEAE) BY MORPHOLOGY OF YOUNG SEEDLINGS

Seedling morphology was studied in Campa guianensisAubl. and Carapa proceraD. C. from germination to 90 days age. In both species germination is hypogeal and cryptocotylar. Both have rare albino seedlings. Though both species have compound leaves when adult, C, proceraputs out an average total of six simple leaves at germination, while leaves of C. guianensisare compound at all stages. This is the best diagnostic character for separation of the two species at the young seedling stage. Not diagnostic, but none the less useful, is the fact, that polyembryonic seeds are often found in C. procera,but not observed in C guianensis.

Estrutura e distribuição espacial de populações de palmeiras em diferentes altitudes na Serra do Mar, Ubatuba, São Paulo, Brasil

A estrutura ontogenetica e espacial de dez especies de palmeiras que ocorrem na Serra do Mar, Ubatuba, Sao Paulo, foi analisada nas fitofisionomias: Floresta Ombrofila Densa de Terras Baixas, Submontana e Montana. Em 12 parcelas de um hectare (quatro parcelas em cada fitofisionomia) foram instaladas tres transeccoes de 10 × 100 m, subdivididas em subparcelas de 10 × 10 m, totalizando 0,3 hectares inventariados em cada parcela. Foram procedidas identificacao e biometria completa de todas as palmeiras, e a distribuicao espa- cial das populacoes foi analisada por meio do Indice de agregacao (Ia) proposto por Perry. Com a elevacao, foram observadas alteracoes na riqueza e abundância das especies, com predominância de plântulas em Astrocaryum aculeatissimum, Euterpe edulis, Geonoma gamiova, Geonoma pohliana e Syagrus pseudoco- cos . Individuos jovens apresentaram maior frequencia em Attalea dubia, Bactris hatschbachii e Geonoma schottiana . Geonoma elegans apresentou mais adultos e Bactris setosa , frequencias similares de plântulas e jovens. A maioria dos estadios ontogeneticos nao foi correlacionada com a altitude e o padrao agregado foi predominante nas especies de palmeiras. Dessa forma, concluiu-se que a altitude nao influenciou no padrao de distribuicao espacial das populacoes de palmeiras, mas afetou a composicao dessa comunidade na Floresta Ombrofila Densa na Serra do Mar. Structure and spatial distribution of palm populations at different altitudes in Serra do Mar, Ubatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil Abstract The ontogenetic and spatial structure of ten palm species that occur in the Serra do Mar, Ubatuba, Sao Paulo, Brazil, were analyzed for three vegetation physiognomies dense rain forest of lowland, lower montane and montane regions. At twelve 1-ha plots (four plots in each vegetation physiognomy) three transects, 10 × 100m each, divided into subplots of 10 ×10m, and 0.3 hectare in each plot was surveyed. All palms were identified and the biometrics of all palm species determined. Spatial distribution of populations was analyzed using the aggregation index (Ia) proposed by Perry. Changes in species richness and abundance were observed associated with elevation. Seedlings predominated in Astrocaryum aculeatissimum , Euterpe edulis , Geonoma gamiova , Geonoma pohliana and Syagrus pseudococos ; juveniles had higher frequency in Attalea dubia , Bactris hatschbachii and Geonoma schottiana ; Geonoma elegans had more adults and Bactris setosa had similar frequencies of seedlings and saplings. Most of the ontogenetic stages were not correlated with altitude and the aggregate pattern was predominant in palm species. Therefore, it was concluded that altitude did not influence the spatial distribution pattern of palm populations, but it affected the composition of the community in the dense rain forest in the Serra do Mar.

Bases cartográficas para armazenamento e análise espacial de dados da diversidade de palmeiras em um trecho de Mata Atlântica, Ubatuba-SP

The aim of this work was to elaborate a cartographic basis for storage and spatial analysis of data on diversity of palm trees in altitudinal gradient. The work was carried out in Serra do Mar, located on the northeast of Sao Paulo. In order to create a databases an altimetric letter from IBGE 1:50.000 and a Landsat ETM+ image from 2002 in bands 3,4 and 5 have been used. Data have been analyzed in the SPRING System of Geographic Information 3.6 version, developed by the National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Brazil. The sequence of elaboration consisted of register, digitalization of level curves, and creation of a rectangular, triangular and data table. From this sequence declivity and hypsometric thematic maps have been obtained. Later on the association of the number of species by altitudinal class giving origin to a map of palm tree species distribution in an altitudinal gradient was carried out. The databases are available for association to other parameters with climate, soil, distribution, and abundance of palm tree species for more elaborated spatial analysis.

ANÁLISE DA ESTRUTURA E BIOMASSA FLORESTAL DE ÁREAS DE COLHEITA DE FRUTOS DE JUÇARA ( Euterpe edulis Mart.) NO LITORAL NORTE E SERRA DO MAR - SP

The patterns of distribution and storage of carbon in managed areas of Atlantic Forest are still poorly understood. In order to understand the role of these areas in carbon sequestration, it was aimed to characterize the forest structure and estimate the aboveground biomass in harvest areas of jucara fruit ( Euterpe edulis Mart.). The study was carriedout in altered areas where the management of jucara fruits was introduced at ‘Serra do Mar’ State Park – SP state, Brazil and its surroundings, including the phytophysiognomies Montane and Submontane Atlantic Forest. To represent all the different situations in which management is practiced, eight areas were selected and each one was allocated in a plot of 10 x 100 m divided into subplots of 10 x 10 m, in which all individuals trees were inventoried (trees, jucaras, banana trees and ferns) with DBH (diameter at breast height)> 4.8 cm. The study areas were characterized as Secondary Forests and as Systems of Banana and Jucara Consortium. The biomass found in the studied plots ranged from 47.9 to 279.9 Mg ha -1 . Secondary Forests had higher biomass than Systems of Banana and Jucara Consortium, the trees being responsible for most of this biomass. The management of the fruits of the palm jucara for pulping food represents a sustainable alternative to the illegal extraction of palm heart in the region, diversifying the existing banana cultivations, adding value to forests and increasing carbon storage in areas of Atlantic forest with agroforestry.