Simin Karimi

A Note on Parasitic Gaps and Specificity

I am grateful to Andrew Barss, Molly Diesing, Jaklin Kornfilt, Anne Lobeck, Richard Oehrle, Rudy Troike, and two LI reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. 1 The dialect under discussion in this squib is the standard Tehrani dialect spoken in Iran. 2 The particle rci, which appears as o and ro in the colloquial language, marks an NP for specificity (Karimi 1990). Elsewhere I have suggested that it is the head of a functional projection that takes an NP as its complement (Karimi 1996). This analysis concerns the internal structure of the specific object and does not affect the phrase structure rules provided in (27). 3Abbreviations: SG = singular, SUBJ = subjunctive, HAB = habitual, PART = particle, PL = plural, NEG = negation, PRED = predicate, EZ = Ezafe particle. An Ezafe construction is an NP consisting of the head (an element with the feature [+ N]), its modifier(s), an optional possessive NP, and the Ezafe particle e that is structurally utilized as a link between the head and its modifier(s). See Samiian 1983, 1994, Karimi and Brame 1986, and Ghomeshi 1997 for discussion.

Specificity Effect: Evidence from Persian

The constraint known as the Specificity Effect has been discussed in the literature in terms of the semantic property of determiners classified as weak and strong, or the presuppositionality of the determiner phrase. These semantic properties have been suggested to lead to a syntactic explanation for the existence of this constraint. Modern Persian provides evidence indicating that the Specificity Effect cannot be explained solely on the basis of the semantic properties of the determiner or the determiner phrase. The data in this language show that a specific DP is subject to the Specificity Effect only if its SPEC is lexically filled. In that case, the DP becomes an island, blocking extraction. The analysis in this paper explains this phenomenon by justifying the existence of two distinct base positions for determiners depending on (a) their inherent property, and (b) the semantic status of the DP within the clause. Thus it provides an explanation as to why specific DPs containing weak determiners are subject to the Specificity Effect. It further predicts that Persian type languages that do not have a definite article equivalent to English the allow extraction out of a specific DP.