Simone Pasinetti

A Novel Algorithm for EMG Signal Processing and Muscle Timing Measurement

This paper presents a new method for the automated processing of surface electromyography (SEMG) signals, particularly suited for the detection of muscle activation timing. The method has an intermediate level of complexity between simpler (but less performing) and more complex (but in general slower) methods, and is successfully used in the development of biomedical devices for rehabilitation carried out by our group. The method proposed here is based on a statistical approach for threshold computation that is implemented without the need of maximum voluntary contraction or relaxed state, usually required to overcome the difficulty in obtaining the threshold value. The method is compared with 10 popular automated standard methods using different types of simulated signals that approximate the behavior of real SEMG signals. Both the number of activations detected and the onset time measured are analyzed. The algorithm is then applied to real SEMG signals acquired from healthy subjects. The results are finally compared with the literature values. The results show that the proposed algorithm is the best performing method when both the number of activations and the activation timing are considered. In real applications, the algorithm gives the results compatible with the well-agreed literature data.

Healthcare Sensor System Exploiting Instrumented Crutches for Force Measurement During Assisted Gait of Exoskeleton Users

Powered exoskeletons can be used by the persons with complete spinal cord injury to achieve bipedal locomotion again. The training required before being able to efficiently operate these orthotics, however, is currently based on the subjective assessments of the patient performance by his therapist, without any quantitative information about the internal loads or assistance level. To solve this issue, a sensor system was developed, combining the traditional gait analysis systems, such as ground reaction force platforms and motion capture systems, with Lofstrand crutches instrumented by the authors. To each crutch three strain-gauge bridges were applied, to measure both axial and shear forces, as well as conditioning circuits with transmission modules and a triaxial accelerometer. An inverse dynamics analysis, on a simplified biomechanical model of the patient wearing the exoskeleton, is proposed by the authors as a tool to assess both the internal forces acting on shoulders, elbow, and neck of the patient, as well as the loads acting on joints. The same analysis was also used to quantify the assistance provided to the patient during walking, in terms of vertical forces applied by the therapist to the exoskeleton. The tests showed a therapist assistance contribution reported as a fraction of the subject body weight up to 40% with an average close to 0% and a standard deviation value of 14%. This paper presents the description of the measurement system, of the post-processing analysis, as well as the results of the proposed approach applied to a single Rewalk user during training.

Feasibility study of a vision system for on-line monitoring of rolling contact fatigue tests

Wear and Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) tests on wheel/rail specimens are important to develop wheels of new materials for improved lifetime and performance, able to operate in harsh environments and at high rolling speeds. We have studied the feasibility of a novel non-invasive all-optical system, based on a high-speed video camera and two laser illumination sources, which is able to continuously monitor the dynamics of the specimens used to test wheel and rail materials, in a laboratory test bench. Surface micro- and macro-topography are monitored using blob analysis and 3D laser triangulation respectively. Blob analysis yields to good discrimination among the specimens, in terms of wear induced surface damage; the 3D measurement, which is characterized by a resolution of 0.033 mm, is able to monitor RCF effects. The system is described with the aid of end-cycle specimens, as well as of intermediate specimens, prior to its installation in the test bench for rolling contact tests.

A novel optical apparatus for the study of rolling contact wear/fatigue based on a high-speed camera and multiple-source laser illumination

Rolling contact wear/fatigue tests on wheel/rail specimens are important to produce wheels and rails of new materials for improved lifetime and performance, which are able to operate in harsh environments and at high rolling speeds. This paper presents a novel non-invasive, all-optical system, based on a high-speed video camera and multiple laser illumination sources, which is able to continuously monitor the dynamics of the specimens used to test wheel and rail materials, in a laboratory test bench. 3D macro-topography and angular position of the specimen are simultaneously performed, together with the acquisition of surface micro-topography, at speeds up to 500 rpm, making use of a fast camera and image processing algorithms. Synthetic indexes for surface micro-topography classification are defined, the 3D macro-topography is measured with a standard uncertainty down to 0.019 mm, and the angular position is measured on a purposely developed analog encoder with a standard uncertainty of 2.9°. The very small camera exposure time enables to obtain blur-free images with excellent definition. The system will be described with the aid of end-cycle specimens, as well as of in-test specimens.

A fast autofocus setup using a liquid lens objective for in-focus imaging in the macro range

A fast and reliable optical setup is here presented for in-focus imaging of objects in the macro range. The setup uses a camera equipped with an objective embedding a liquid lens, whose focal length is voltage-controlled. The defocus condition of the image is controlled by means of two indexes, both suitable for coarse and for fine adjustments. A purposely designed algorithm makes use of the two indexes, switching from one to the other to position the image in focus by adequately controlling the liquid lens focal length. The setup has been calibrated by means of target planes of known contrasts, and applied to process biomedical images such as fingerprints.

Monitoring Upper Limbs During Exoskeleton-Assisted Gait Outdoors

Powered exoskeleton can restore locomotion to spinal cord injury subjects but measuring their impact on the upper limbs is critical, since repeated excessive loads are strongly correlated to chronic pain at shoulder level.

POOR CONCORDANCE BETWEEN NON-INVASIVE AND LOCALLY INVASIVE TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION OF MICROVASCULAR MORPHOLOGY IN THE DETECTION OF HYPERTROPHIC REMODELING OF SMALL RESISTANCE ARTERIES

Objective: The evaluation of the morphological characteristics of small resistance arteries in human beings is not easy. The gold standard is generally considered to be the evaluation of the media to lumen ratio (MLR) of subcutaneous small vessels obtained by local biopsies and evaluated by wire or pressure micromyiography. However, non-invasive techniques for the evaluation of retinal arterioles were recently proposed, in particular two approaches seem to provide interesting information: scanning laser Doppler flowmetry (SLDF) and adaptive optics (AO); both of them provide an estimation of the wall to lumen ratio (WLR) of retinal arterioles, as well as of internal and external diameters and wall cross-sectional area. Design and method: In the present study we enrolled 12 normotensive subjects, 12 lean hypertensive patients (HP), 9 severely obese normotensive patients (ONP) and 8 severely obese hypertensive patients (OHP), undergoing an election surgical intervention. All patients underwent a biopsy of subcutaneous fat during surgery. Subcutaneous small resistance artery structure was assessed by wire micromyography and the MLR was calculated. WLR of retinal arterioles was obtained by Scanning Laser Doppler Flowmetry and AO (SLDF, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany and RTX-1, Imagine Eyes, Orsay, France). In hypertensive/obese patients the characteristics of microvascular remodeling were assessed by the calculation of the remodeling and growth indices, according to Heagerty AM et al, Hypertension 1993; 21:391–391). The remodeling index quantifies the proportion of the increase in the MLR or WLR that may be explained by a re-arrangement of the same amount of wall material around a narrowed lumen (eutrophic remodeling), while the growth index quantifies the contribution of vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy or hyperplasia (hypertrophic remodeling).When eutrophic remodeling is present, the remodeling index is close to 100%. Results: are reported in the Table. Figure. No caption available. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the three methodological approaches seems are not completely concordant in the detection of hypertrophic remodeling, since data provided are in relative poor agreement. The presence of a relevant proportion of hypertrophic remodeling in obese patients (Hypertension 2011; 58:29–36), observed with micromyographic approaches, is not always confirmed by non-invasive approaches.

Experimental characterization of an autofocus algorithm based on liquid lens objective for in-focus imaging in the macro range

The experimental characterization of an autofocus algorithm using a liquid lens objective is presented. The objective embeds an electro-wetting based lens whose focal length is voltage controlled. Two sharpness indexes are used to measure the image focus condition in the algorithm allowing a very robust and accurate setting of the focus. The algorithm has been characterized using target images differing both in the contrast and in the spatial frequency along measurement depth range from 70 to 2 mm. both static and dynamic tests were performed revealing the ability of the algorithm to follow rapid variations of the target position.

[PP.09.17] REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE EVALUATION OF THE WALL TO LUMEN RATIO OF RETINAL ARTERIOLES WITH TWO DIFFERENT NON-INVASIVE APPROACHES: SCANNING LASER-DOPPLER FLOWMETRY AND ADAPTIVE OPTICS

Objective: The evaluation of the morphological characteristics of small resistance arteries in human beings in not easy. The gold standard is generally considered to be the evaluation of the media to lumen ratio of subcutaneous small vessels obtained by local biopsies and measured by wire or pressure micromyiography. However, non-invasive techniques for the evaluation of retinal arterioles were recently proposed, in particular two approaches seem to provide interesting information: scanning laser Doppler flowmetry and adaptive optics; both of them provide an estimation of the wall to lumen ratio (WLR) of retinal arterioles. The reproducibility of such measurements was previously stated to be acceptable (coefficient of variation <10% for SLDF, <4% for RTX-1), however, no direct comparison of the two techniques in the same population was previously performed. Design and method: Therefore, we evaluated 18 subjects and patients (10 normotensives, 8 hypertensives, 7/18 severely obese). In all of them an evaluation of the WLR of retinal arterioles was made by Scanning Laser Doppler Flowmetry (SLDF, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) and adaptive optics (RTX-1, Imagine Eyes, Orsay, France). The same operator evaluated the same acquired images in two different days (intra-observer variability), and two different operators evaluated the same images in the same day (inter-observer variability). Results: The results are reported in the Table (***p < 0.001). Variation coefficient of SLDF is much greater than that of AO. Figure. No caption available. Conclusions: It is clear how the reproducibility of the evaluation of the WLR with adaptive optics is far better, as compared with SLDF, since the variation coefficient are clearly lower. This may be important in terms of clinical evaluation of microvascular morphology in a clinical setting.

[OP.8C.03] COMPARISON BETWEEN THREE NON-INVASIVE TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION MICROVASCULAR MORPHOLOGY VS. THE GOLD-STANDARD LOCALLY INVASIVE MICROMYOGRAPHY. PRELIMINARY DATA

Objective: The evaluation of the morphological characteristics of small resistance arteries in human beings in not easy. The gold standard is generally considered to be the evaluation of the media to lumen ratio (M/L) of subcutaneous small vessels obtained by local biopsies and evaluated by wire or pressure micromyiography. However, non-invasive techniques for the evaluation of retinal arterioles were recently proposed, in particular two approaches seem to provide interesting information: scanning laser Doppler flowmetry (SLDF) and adaptive optics (AO); both of them provide an estimation of the wall to lumen ratio (WLR) of retinal arterioles. A non-invasive measurement of basal and total capillary density may be obtained by videomicroscopy/capillaroscopy. No direct comparison of the three non-invasive techniques in the same population was previously performed, in particular AO was never validated against micromyography. Design and method: In the present study we enrolled 12 normotensive subjects and 8 hypertensive patients undergoing an election surgical intervention; 11/20 were severely obese). All patients underwent a biopsy of subcutaneous fat during surgery. Subcutaneous small resistance artery structure was assessed by wire myography and the M/L was calculated. WLR of retinal arterioles was obtained by Scanning Laser Doppler Flowmetry and AO (SLDF, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany and RTX-1, Imagine Eyes, Orsay, France). Functional (basal) and structural (total) microvascular density were evaluated by capillaroscopy (Videocap 3, DS Medica, Milan, Italy) before and after venous congestion. Results: The results are summarized in the Table (slope of the relation: p < 0.01 RTX-1 vs. SLDF). Figure. No caption available. Conclusions: Our data suggest that AO has a substantial advantage over SLDF in terms of evaluation of microvascular morphology, since it is more closely correlated with the M/L of subcutaneous small arteries, considered a gold-standard approach but limited in its clinical application by the local invasiveness of the procedure.