Simone Stevanin

The effects of swallowing disorders, dysgeusia, oral mucositis and xerostomia on nutritional status, oral intake and weight loss in head and neck cancer patients: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND Combined-modality treatment of head and neck cancer is becoming more common, driven by the idea that organ(s) preservation should maintain patient appearance and the function of organ(s) involved. Even if treatments have improved, they can still be associated with acute and late adverse effects. The aim of this systematic review was to retrieve current data on how swallowing disorders, dysgeusia, oral mucositis, and xerostomia affect nutritional status, oral intake and weight loss in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. METHODS A systematic literature search covered four relevant electronic databases from January 2005 to May 2015. Retrieved papers were categorised and evaluated considering their methodological quality. Two independent reviewers reviewed manuscripts and abstracted data using a standardised form. Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Edwards Method Score. RESULTS Of the 1459 abstracts reviewed, a total of 25 studies were included. The most studied symptom was dysphagia, even if symptoms were interconnected and affected one other. In most of the selected studies the level of evidence was between 2 and 3, and their quality level was from medium to low. CONCLUSIONS There are limited data about dysgeusia, oral mucositis and xerostomia outcomes available for HNC patients. There is a lack of well-designed clinical trials and multicenter-prospective cohort studies, therefore further research is needed to ascertain which aspects of these symptoms should be measured.

[Generations of Italian nurses compared: an exploratory study].

AIM The influence that generations have on complex nursing work environment have not been investigated yet in Italy. The majority of studies realized on this topic up to now has a small sample size and is monocentric. None Italian study has directly investigated nursing multigenerational workforce. The study aimed to investigate the existence of generational differences in Italian nurses professional within the italian context and describe their characteristics. METHODS A 33 items questionnaire devised for the purpose was administred to a sample of 317 nurses of two major Italian North-East hospital. Five dimensions were analyzed: professional space, professional role, professional culture, orientation to care, relationships among generations. RESULTS Data showed statistically significant differences among nurses generations in 9 items. The dimensions with the greatest number of significant items were found to be relationship among generations (6 items), followed by orientation to care, professional space and professional role (1 item each). CONCLUSIONS Results highlighted the existence of generational differences and give some information on perceptions and relationships between italian nurses generations. Being the first exploratory study on Italian nurses, it is currently impossible to compare these results with those of previous studies. Further investigation is needed to make more comparisons with international literature.

Measuring patient safety knowledge and competences as perceived by nursing students: An Italian validation study.

The study sought to validate the Italian version of the Health Professional Education in Patient Safety Survey (H-PEPSS), an instrument used to assess the perceptions of health professionals regarding patient safety competence. The H-PEPSS was administered to a sample of 574 bachelor degree nursing students in two north-eastern Italian universities. Its factor structure, validity and reliability were examined using explorative factor analysis. The internal consistency of the Italian version of H-PEPSS (H-PEPSSIta) measured with Cronbachs alpha (α) was higher for both classroom (.938) and clinical training (.942) dimensions. The six factors that emerged from the analysis were composed of three to five items loading ≥.55 and explaining 69.344% of the classroom total variance and 70.425% of the clinical training total variance of the H-PEPSSIta. The H-PEPSSIta is a valid tool capable of evaluating the self-perception of nursing students regarding patient safety knowledge and competence. Therefore, the instrument could be adopted in educational settings as a periodic nursing student report. This may help students reflect on PS related-issues, and evaluate gaps in knowledge and competences; furthermore, data emerging from periodic self-reports may offer the opportunity to tailor educational strategies to fill the gaps in PS knowledge and competences that emerge.

Adverse events witnessed by nursing students during clinical learning experiences: Findings from a longitudinal study

No evidence from any longitudinal study design has been reported to date with regard to patient safety (PS) incidents witnessed by nursing students during their training. Therefore, with the aim of closing this gap in available knowledge, a longitudinal study was performed from 2012 to 2015 by involving all nursing students (n = 145) enrolled in two Italian nursing programs. At the end of each academic year, students were invited to report in writing all PS incidents witnessed during their clinical learning experience; the number of days each student spent in their clinical setting was also collected from administrative records. Ninety students were included and 94 incidents were reported: 17 (18.1%) by first year students, 27 (28.7%) by second year students, and 50 (53.2%) by third year students. One third of students did not report any PS incident at the end of each academic year, while only a few reported more than one. The incidence density was 3.8/1000 days of clinical training without statistical differences across academic years. Supporting nursing students by encouraging them to share, discuss, and reflect on their clinical learning experience might increase their confidence in reporting safety incidents.