Slavomír Adamčík

Fungal diversity notes 1–110: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal species

This paper is a compilation of notes on 110 fungal taxa, including one new family, 10 new genera, and 76 new species, representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range. The new family, Paradictyoarthriniaceae is introduced based on its distinct lineage in Dothideomycetes and its unique morphology. The family is sister to Biatriosporaceae and Roussoellaceae. The new genera are Allophaeosphaeria (Phaeosphaeriaceae), Amphibambusa (Amphisphaeriaceae), Brunneomycosphaerella (Capnodiales genera incertae cedis), Chaetocapnodium (Capnodiaceae), Flammeascoma (Anteagloniaceae), Multiseptospora (Pleosporales genera incertae cedis), Neogaeumannomyces (Magnaporthaceae), Palmiascoma (Bambusicolaceae), Paralecia (Squamarinaceae) and Sarimanas (Melanommataceae). The newly described species are the Ascomycota Aliquandostipite manochii, Allophaeosphaeria dactylidis, A. muriformia, Alternaria cesenica, Amphibambusa bambusicola, Amphisphaeria sorbi, Annulohypoxylon thailandicum, Atrotorquata spartii, Brunneomycosphaerella laburni, Byssosphaeria musae, Camarosporium aborescentis, C. aureum, C. frutexensis, Chaetocapnodium siamensis, Chaetothyrium agathis, Colletotrichum sedi, Conicomyces pseudotransvaalensis, Cytospora berberidis, C. sibiraeae, Diaporthe thunbergiicola, Diatrype palmicola, Dictyosporium aquaticum, D. meiosporum, D. thailandicum, Didymella cirsii, Dinemasporium nelloi, Flammeascoma bambusae, Kalmusia italica, K. spartii, Keissleriella sparticola, Lauriomyces synnematicus, Leptosphaeria ebuli, Lophiostoma pseudodictyosporium, L. ravennicum, Lophiotrema eburnoides, Montagnula graminicola, Multiseptospora thailandica, Myrothecium macrosporum, Natantispora unipolaris, Neogaeumannomyces bambusicola, Neosetophoma clematidis, N. italica, Oxydothis atypica, Palmiascoma gregariascomum, Paraconiothyrium nelloi, P. thysanolaenae, Paradictyoarthrinium tectonicola, Paralecia pratorum, Paraphaeosphaeria spartii, Pestalotiopsis digitalis, P. dracontomelon, P. italiana, Phaeoisaria pseudoclematidis, Phragmocapnias philippinensis, Pseudocamarosporium cotinae, Pseudocercospora tamarindi, Pseudotrichia rubriostiolata, P. thailandica, Psiloglonium multiseptatum, Saagaromyces mangrovei, Sarimanas pseudofluviatile, S. shirakamiense, Tothia spartii, Trichomerium siamensis, Wojnowicia dactylidicola, W. dactylidis and W. lonicerae. The Basidiomycota Agaricus flavicentrus, A. hanthanaensis, A. parvibicolor, A. sodalis, Cantharellus luteostipitatus, Lactarius atrobrunneus, L. politus, Phylloporia dependens and Russula cortinarioides are also introduced. Epitypifications or reference specimens are designated for Hapalocystis berkeleyi, Meliola tamarindi, Pallidocercospora acaciigena, Phaeosphaeria musae, Plenodomus agnitus, Psiloglonium colihuae, P. sasicola and Zasmidium musae while notes and/or new sequence data are provided for Annulohypoxylon leptascum, A. nitens, A. stygium, Biscogniauxia marginata, Fasciatispora nypae, Hypoxylon fendleri, H. monticulosum, Leptosphaeria doliolum, Microsphaeropsis olivacea, Neomicrothyrium, Paraleptosphaeria nitschkei, Phoma medicaginis and Saccotheciaceae. A full description of each species is provided with light micrographs (or drawings). Molecular data is provided for 90 taxa and used to generate phylogenetic trees to establish a natural classification for species.

Type Studies in Russula Subgenus Heterophyllidia from the Eastern United States

Abstract Microscopical characters of type specimens for five species in Russula subgenus Heterophyllidia: R. albiduliformis Murrill, R. flocculosa Burl., R. maculosa Murrill, R. heterosporoides Murrill and R. subgraminicolor Murrill are described in detail. Taxonomy, systematic placement and nomenclatural aspects are discussed. Both R. heterosporoides Murrill and R. subgraminicolor Murrill are likely good species of subsection Virescentinae, whereas the other three species are more difficult to place with precision, but show affinities with both Virescentinae and Heterophyllinae.

Revision of taxonomic concept and systematic position of some Clavariaceae species

A taxonomic and nomenclatural revision of some representatives of Clavariaceae is presented based on extensive collecting in central and western Europe. Five species originally described from Europe are identified, redescribed and delimited: Clavaria fragilis, Ramariopsis crocea, R. corniculata, R. helvola and R. pulchella. Lectotypes, epitypes or neotypes are designated for all these species. Descriptions are based on macro- and micromorphological characters and supplemented with DNA analyses of the nrLSU regions from 20 specimens. The molecular phylogenetic analyses reconstructed a phylogram showing relationships among the discussed species as well as some closely related taxa. The taxonomic value of the ratio of length and width of spores (Q-value) is discussed.

Type Studies in Russula Subsection Lactarioideae from North America and a Tentative Key to North American Species

Abstract Detailed microscopical observations on four type specimens of Russula subsect. Lactarioideae from North America are presented and illustrated. As the result of our analyses, all four species are accepted as good species in Lactarioideae, although sometimes with slightly modified concept. R. brevipes is recognized by the rather short and often inflated cells in the pileipellis, large spores with spiny, subreticulate ornamentation and the distinctly amyloid suprahilar spot. Whether or not the European R. chloroides is a later synonym remains to be examined. R. inopina is characterized by filiform, flexuous-undulate terminal cells in the pileipellis, as well as on the gill edge, and it lacks shorter, mucronate pileocystidia. R. romagnesiana, originally described to replace the invalidly published, European R. chloroides var. parvispora, is here considered to be quite different from this European taxon and is accepted as distinct, native American species characterized by having equally small spores, frequently bicapitate pileocystidia near the pileus center as well as hyphal terminations with a glutinous sheath, but lacking distinct incrustations. R. vesicatoria is defined as a species of sandy Pinus stands with crowded gills, large and clavate, obtuse to capitate, often thick-walled pileocystidia, very long and slender hyphal extremities and spores with an inamyloid suprahilar spot. A tentative key to all North American Lactarioideae introduces objective microscopic features for the identification of all recognized species in this group.

The delimitation of Flammulina Fennae

Multivariate morphometric analyses of micromorphological characters measured on 35 specimens of Flammulina fennae and related species show that only a combination of spore dimensions and ixohyphidia characters are suitable for delimitation of this species. In order to confirm species identifications based on micromorphology, ribosomal ITS DNA sequences were obtained and compared with those previously deposited in GenBank, and phylogenetic analyses were performed using an ITS dataset of all known Flammulina species. All six specimens morphologically determined as F. fennae were identified by molecular data. Two of twelve specimens morphologically assigned to F. velutipes had F. elastica sequences. One ITS sequence of F. velutipes appears to be a hybrid: the ITS1 region is homologous to F. velutipes and ITS2 is homologous to another Flammulina species, F. rossica. Variability of morphocharacters observed for F. fennae and related species is discussed and compared with the data from previous studies. A key is provided to European taxa of the genus Flammulina together with a full description of F. fennae.

New insights in Russula subsect. Rubrinae: phylogeny and the quest for synapomorphic characters

Russula is one of the most speciose genera of mushroom-forming fungi, but phylogenetic relationships among species and subgeneric groupings are poorly understood. Our multi-locus phylogenetic reconstruction places R. firmula, R. rubra, R. rutila and R. veternosa in a well-supported Rubrinae clade, belonging to the Integrae clade of the Crown clade of the genus Russula. Traditional morphology-based classifications placed these four species in two different subsections based on the presence or absence of incrustations on pileocystidia. The Integrae clade also contains R. integra and related species that are traditionally placed in other groups based on their mild taste. Ancestral state reconstruction suggests that the common ancestor of the Crown clade and the Integrae clade probably did not have any incrustations in the pileipellis, had a mild taste, yellow spore print and were associated with angiosperms. All four species of the Rubrinae clade are defined by a darker yellow or ochre spore print, acrid taste and incrustations on pileocystidia. This last character contradicts the former splitting of the group because incrustations were apparently overlooked in R. firmula and R. veternosa. Incrustation type is now highlighted as being important for the delimitation of species and groups within the Crown clade. Pink or red staining of the incrustations in sulphovanillin is present in all species of the Rubrinae clade and a majority of the analysed species of the Integrae clade. The delimitation of the Rubrinae clade and its species circumscriptions are summarised here in a new diagnostic key.

Multilocus phylogenetic reconstruction of the Clavariaceae (Agaricales) reveals polyphyly of agaricoid members

The genus Camarophyllopsis contains species with lamellate (agaricoid) basidiomes in the family Clavariaceae (Agaricales), a group otherwise dominated by club-like (clavarioid) or branched (coralloid) forms. Previous studies have suggested that species classified in Camarophyllopsis occur in two independent lineages. We reconstructed a multilocus phylogeny of the Clavaria-Camarophyllopsis-Clavicorona clade in the Clavariaceae using RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), nuclear ribosomal 28S, and nuclear ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 regions data and detected three independent groups of agaricoid fungi, including the genera Camarophyllopsis, Hodophilus, and Lamelloclavaria gen. nov, which distinctly differ in their pileipellis structure. In all, nine major lineages within the Clavaria-Camarophyllopsis-Clavicorona clade were recovered: Clavaria sensu stricto, Camarophyllopsis sensu stricto, Hodophilus, the Clavaria pullei clade, the Clavaria fumosa clade, Lamelloclavaria gen. nov., the Clavaria atrofusca clade, Holocoryne (= Clavaria sect. Holocoryne), and Clavicorona. Clavaria is paraphyletic and represented by five clades. Additional gene sampling is necessary to determine and confirm relatedness of these lineages before splitting Clavaria into additional genera.

Molecular inference, multivariate morphometrics and ecological assessment are applied in concert to delimit species in the Russula clavipes complex

Species of Russula subsect. Xerampelinae are notoriously difficult to identify and name and have not been subject to molecular study. A group of species, referred to here as the R. clavipes complex, growing in association with Salix, Betula and Populus as well as coniferous tree species from temperate to arctic and alpine habitats, were examined. Analyses of the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and a numerical analysis of morphological characters were used. The R. clavipes complex is a monophyletic group within Russula subsect. Xerampelinae, according to molecular results. The complex includes three species: R. nuoljae is a phylogenetically and morphologically well-supported species while the other two, R. clavipes and R. pascua, are similar based on ITS data and morphology but separate based on their ecology. Russula pseudoolivascens is conspecific with R. clavipes. Several combinations of characters traditionally used in the taxonomy of R. subsect. Xerampelinae are inappropriate for species delimitation in this group and the adequacy of the ITS for species identification in this group is discussed. Detailed microscopic observations on the type collection of R. nuoljae are presented and illustrated, along with a key to the European members of R. subsect. Xerampelinae.

Lepiota coloratipes, a new species for Lepiota rufipes ss. Auct. europ. non ss. orig.

In a recent paper, Lepiota rufipes ss. orig. (a North American taxon) was synonymised with Cystolepiota seminuda. Accordingly, Lepiota coloratipes sp. nov. is here described for the taxon usually referred to as L. rufipes in Europe. On the basis of recent collections from Europe and China, a full description, colour pictures of basidiomata, line drawings of microscopic features and ITS phylogenetic analysis are provided. A unique combination of morphological characters—i.e. hymeniform pileus covering, cheilocystidia of variable shape, fugacious partial veil not forming an annulus, presence of oil droplets in all tissues, and uninucleate spores—corresponds to an isolated position of its sequences in the phylogenetic tree.

Red-capped species of Russula sect. Xerampelinae associated with dwarf scrub

The microscopic structure of herbarium material of alpine and arctic species of Russula sect. Xerampelinae from Europe and Greenland was studied. Based on our observations two taxa with prevailingly red pilei are accepted from the area: R. subrubens and R. pascua. Other related species occurring in arctic areas are R. cicatricata with a coppery coloured pileus and R. clavipes with a prevailingly greenish olivaceous pileus. As a consequence of the study of type material, R. chamiteae var. chamiteae and R. chamiteae var. microsperma are synonymized with R. subrubens. No European collections could be referred to R. oreina, and accordingly we suggest that this species is absent from Europe.