Solange Marta Franzói de Moraes

Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Simulated Competition Part II: Physical Performance, Time-Motion, Technical-Tactical Analyses, and Perceptual Responses.

Abstract Andreato, LV, Julio, UF, Gonçalves Panissa, VL, Del Conti Esteves, JV, Hardt, F, Franzói de Moraes, SM, Oliveira de Souza, C, and Franchini, E. Brazilian jiu-jitsu simulated competition part II: Physical performance, time-motion, technical-tactical analyses, and perceptual responses. J Strength Cond Res 29(7): 2015–2025, 2015—The aim of this study was to analyze performance, time structure, technical actions, and perceptual responses in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during a simulated competition. For this purpose, 10 athletes were analyzed in a simulated competition (4 matches of 10 minutes). Physical tests and scales of the perception of effort and recovery were applied. The matches were recorded for the purpose of technical-tactical analysis and to determine the time structure. The main results show that in the simulated competition, reaction time (F 2.5,17.6 = 2.7; p = 0.087; &eegr; 2 = 0.28) and flexibility (F 7,63 = 1.5; p = 0.172; &eegr; 2 = 0.15) were unchanged across the matches. An analysis of variance showed a significant difference for grip endurance using the kimono (F 2.0,15.9 = 8.1; p = 0.004; &eegr; 2 = 0.50), which was not confirmed by the Bonferroni test. Jump height indicated postactivation potentiation after match 2 (F 7,63 = 3.5; p = 0.003; &eegr; 2 = 0.28). The maximal isometric handgrip strength in the dominant hand (F 3.2,28.6 = 2.9; p = 0.049; &eegr; 2 = 0.24) and in the nondominant hand (F 7,63 = 3.8; p = 0.002; &eegr; 2 = 0.30) showed a decline after matches 3 and 4. Although these data indicate the onset of fatigue, the effort/pause ratio of the matches was not altered (F 3,12 = 0.6; p = 0.624; &eegr; 2 = 0.13). The perceptions of effort (F 3,27 = 0.9; p = 0.469; &eegr; 2 = 0.09) and recovery (F 1.9,17.0 = 2.4; p = 0.125; &eegr; 2 = 0.21) and the degree of fatigue reported (F 1.5,13.8 = 0.5; p = 0.588; &eegr; 2 = 0.05) did not change during the simulated competition. Thus, it may be concluded that the execution of successive matches causes a decline in maximal isometric handgrip strength. No changes in the time structure of the matches or in the perceptual responses were observed.

Effects of cafeteria diet on the jejunum in sedentary and physically trained rats.

OBJECTIVE The effects of a cafeteria diet on the small intestine were investigated in adult Wistar rats under sedentary conditions and after physical training. METHODS Parameters including morphometry, enzyme activities, and total myenteric populations in the jejunum were evaluated. RESULTS The cafeteria diet, characterized as hyperlipidic, produced obese rats, corroborated by increases in the Lee index and the weights of the periepididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissues (P<0.01). Obesity caused increases in the length of the small intestine, villi height, crypt depth, whole-wall thickness (P<0.05), and the enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase, lipase, and sucrase (P<0.01), in addition to a reduction in the number of goblet cells (P<0.05). With reference to the jejunal intrinsic innervations, the total number and area of myenteric neurons was unchanged regardless of the group. Physical training promoted 1) a reduction of the weight in the retroperitoneal and periepididymal adipose tissues (P<0.05) and 2) an increase in the thickness of the muscular layer (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The cafeteria diet promoted obesity in rodents, leading to alterations in morphometry and enzymatic intestinal parameters, which were partily attenuated by physical training.

Perfil morfológico de atletas de elite de Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu

Athletes from many sports that are categorized by body mass tend to reduce it to fit in lower categories. Such reduction can compromise the athletes performance and health. In order to determine the most appropriate category, the body composition is highly relevant, especially to avoid excessive reduction. Thus, this study analyzed the morphological profile of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu elite athletes. The sample was composed of 11 athletes, aged 25.8 ± 3.3 years, medalists in national and/or international competitions. The analysis was performed to determine the anthropometric body composition and somatotype. Body fat score from this population was 10.3 ± 2.6 % fat, a high percentage of muscle mass (61.3 ± 1.5 %), and predominant mesomorphic component (5.5 ± 1.0) was observed. The points of highest and lowest fat accumulation were respectively abdominal (15.7 ± 6.3 mm) and chest (6.8 ± 1.5 mm) regions. It can be concluded that athletes from this sport showed higher body mass during the preparatory period than in competitive conditions (4.4 ± 2.4 %); however, they showed low body fat, high muscle mass percentage and predominant mesomorphic component.

Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Simulated Competition Part I: Metabolic, Hormonal, Cellular Damage, and Heart Rate Responses

Abstract Andreato, LV, Julio, UF, Panissa, VLG, Esteves, JVDC, Hardt, F, de Moraes, SMF, de Souza, CO, and Franchini, E. Brazilian jiu-jitsu simulated competition part I: Metabolic, hormonal, cellular damage, and heart rate responses. J Strength Cond Res 29(9): 2538–2549, 2015—The aim of this study was to analyze physiological responses in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during simulated competition. To this end, 10 athletes (age: 28 ± 4 years, body mass: 81.8 ± 7.4 kg, body fat: 13.0 ± 4.8%, systematic practice: 11 ± 4 years) were analyzed in simulated competition (4 matches of 10 minutes). Blood samples were taken to assess energy demand, hormonal responses, and cell damage. Additionally, the heart rate variability (HRV) response was analyzed. The main results show that in simulated competition, during the last matches, athletes had lower lactate (p < 0.001), epinephrine (p < 0.001), norepinephrine (p < 0.001), and insulin (p = 0.002) concentrations. Increases observed in creatine kinase (p < 0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (p < 0.001), alanine aminotransferase (p = 0.007), and creatinine (p < 0.001) seen, especially, in the last matches are indicative of possible cell damage. The HRV reflected a decrease in the RR medium (average of the normal R-R intervals) (p = 0.001) during the competition. Thus, it is concluded that successive matches from competition generate a gradual decrease of adrenergic and glycolytic activities, which is accompanied by a gradual increase in cell damage markers and decrease in the RR medium of the HRV.

Influence of regression model and incremental test protocol on the relationship between lactate threshold using the maximal-deviation method and performance in female runners

Abstract This study examined the influence of the regression model and initial intensity of an incremental test on the relationship between the lactate threshold estimated by the maximal-deviation method and the endurance performance. Sixteen non-competitive, recreational female runners performed a discontinuous incremental treadmill test. The initial speed was set at 7 km · h−1, and increased every 3 min by 1 km · h−1 with a 30-s rest between the stages used for earlobe capillary blood sample collection. Lactate-speed data were fitted by an exponential-plus-constant and a third-order polynomial equation. The lactate threshold was determined for both regression equations, using all the coordinates, excluding the first and excluding the first and second initial points. Mean speed of a 10-km road race was the performance index (3.04 ± 0.22 m · s−1). The exponentially-derived lactate threshold had a higher correlation (0.98 ≤ r ≤ 0.99) and smaller standard error of estimate (SEE) (0.04 ≤ SEE ≤ 0.05 m · s−1) with performance than the polynomially-derived equivalent (0.83 ≤ r ≤ 0.89; 0.10 ≤ SEE ≤ 0.13 m · s−1). The exponential lactate threshold was greater than the polynomial equivalent (P < 0.05). The results suggest that the exponential lactate threshold is a valid performance index that is independent of the initial intensity of the incremental test and better than the polynomial equivalent.

Weight loss in mixed martial arts athletes

The mixed martial arts (MMA) is among the sports with higher spectators increase in the world. This fact can be observed in growth of exposure on media and increased num ber of practitioners and spectators [1]. This sport is composed by combination of boxing, Muay Thai, karate, taekwondo, wrestling, Brazilian jiu-jitsu, judo and other disciplines specific techniques. Nowadays, the MMA is practiced in various countries being the sixth more popular sport in United States of America [2]. Despite the notoriety achieved, few studies aimed to investigate the different fields of this sport. Among the studies that have been conducted involving MMA, most focused on the injuries happened during combat [2-5]. In many sports, especially in combat sports, the athletes are divided according to body mass. This strategy is adopted to leave the disputes more balanced. However, it is commonly observed that athletes conduct some arrangements to reduce large amounts of body mass to move to lighter categories, in an attempt to compete against smaller and weaker opponents [6]. In fact, there are data indicating that boxers [7,8], judokas [9,10], wrestlers [11], Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes [9-12], taekwondo athletes [13,14] and karate athletes [9] adopt methods to reduce the body mass prior to a competition, but no study has been conducted involving the MMA. This practice can be harmful, because it negatively alters the humor profile, sports performance and health, especially when the magnitude of reduced mass is high [6,15]. It is not difficult to find reports of combat sports athletes reducing a large percentage of body mass. For example, in university level Olympic wrestling (n = 63), 89% of the athletes reported to be engaged in some procedure to reduce body mass prior

Comparação entre os ajustes de curva exponencial e polinomial na determinação do limiar de lactato pelo método Dmax

Comparou-se a velocidade de corrida no limiar de lactato (vLL) determinada pelo metodo Dmax utilizando-se os ajustes de curva exponencial mais constante (vLLexp) e polinomial de terceira ordem (vLLpol). Dezessete corredoras recreacionais realizaram um teste incremental descontinuo em esteira rolante ate a exaustao voluntaria com coleta de sangue entre os estagios para analise do lactato. A vLLExp (10,9 ± 0,8 km/h) foi estatisticamente diferente (P < 0,05) da vLLPol (10,4 ± 1,1 km/h) utilizando-se o teste t de Student pareado. A correlacao entre a vLLExp e a vLLPol foi de r = 0,84. As correlacoes entre a velocidade pico e as vLL foram r = 0,94 (vLLexp) e r = 0,69 (vLLpol). Foi concluido que a escolha da curva de regressao do lactato sanguineo influi no valor da vLL, sendo a vLLpol consistentemente inferior a vLLexp.

Comparação entre os métodos direto e indireto de determinação do consumo máximo de oxigênio em mulheres corredoras

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os valores de 2max determinados diretamente por um sistema de ergoespirometria com os valores preditos indiretamente pelo sistema ErgoPC durante um teste de esforco maximo realizado por mulheres corredoras. Participaram 20 mulheres corredoras treinadas (42,7 ± 6,4 anos; 1,64 ± 0,04m; 58,3 ± 5,8kg; IMC 21,7 ± 1,9kg/m2 e 22,3 ± 3,5%G). Os sujeitos foram submetidos a avaliacao da composicao corporal e a um teste de esforco progressivo em esteira ergometrica (Inbrasport, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil) para mensuracao da aptidao aerobia (2max). A velocidade inicial foi de 7km/h com incrementos de 1km/h a cada tres minutos, sendo mantida uma inclinacao constante durante todo o teste equivalente a 1%. As participantes foram fortemente estimuladas a permanecerem no teste o maior tempo possivel, ate a exaustao voluntaria. Para a mensuracao direta do 2max, foi utilizado um sistema de ergoespirometria de circuito aberto (analisador de gases Espirometro 2000 Inbrasport, Porto Alegre, Brasil). A predicao indireta do 2max foi realizada atraves do programa ErgoPC que utiliza a formula de Foster (1996) para tal predicao. Para a analise estatistica, foi realizado o teste t de Student (p < 0,05), para a comparacao dos valores de 2max obtidos de forma direta e indireta, e o teste de correlacao de Pearson, para correlacionar essas duas variaveis. A medida direta do 2max apresentou valor de 51,8 ± 6,8ml/kg/min, e o indireto, 42,8 ± 3,7ml/kg/min. Na comparacao entre os dois resultados foi encontrada diferenca estatisticamente significante entre as variaveis. A correlacao encontrada entre os valores de 2max foi de r = 0,67. Portanto, os resultados mostram que o 2max obtido de forma indireta subestima o valor da medida direta.

Cafeteria Diet Feeding in Young Rats Leads to Hepatic Steatosis and Increased Gluconeogenesis under Fatty Acids and Glucagon Influence

Gluconeogenesis overstimulation due to hepatic insulin resistance is the best-known mechanism behind elevated glycemia in obese subjects with hepatic steatosis. This suggests that glucose production in fatty livers may differ from that of healthy livers, also in response to other gluconeogenic determinant factors, such as the type of substrate and modulators. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of these factors on hepatic gluconeogenesis in cafeteria diet-induced obese adult rats submitted to a cafeteria diet at a young age. The livers of the cafeteria group exhibited higher gluconeogenesis rates when glycerol was the substrate, but lower rates were found when lactate and pyruvate were the substrates. Stearate or glucagon caused higher stimulations in gluconeogenesis in cafeteria group livers, irrespective of the gluconeogenic substrates. An increased mitochondrial NADH/NAD+ ratio and a reduced rate of 14CO2 production from [14C] fatty acids suggested restriction of the citric acid cycle. The higher glycogen and lipid levels were possibly the cause for the reduced cellular and vascular spaces found in cafeteria group livers, likely contributing to oxygen consumption restriction. In conclusion, specific substrates and gluconeogenic modulators contribute to a higher stimulation of gluconeogenesis in livers from the cafeteria group.

Strength training reverses ovariectomy-induced bone loss and improve metabolic parameters in female Wistar rats

&NA; Menopause induces osteoporosis, sarcopenia, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Ovariectomized (OVX) rat is an animal model, which mimetics postmenopausal conditions. The present study aimed to test the effects of strength training protocol on bone mineral density and metabolic parameters in OVX rats. Female Wistar rats were randomly separated in four groups: non‐ovariectomized rats (Sham); ovariectomized rats (OVX); OVX treated with 17&bgr;‐estradiol (HR); and OVX trained group (TR). At 70‐days‐old OVX groups were submitted to a bilateral ovariectomy. Hormonal replacement and strength training were performed three times per week, for 60 days. 17&bgr;‐estradiol was administered by intramuscular injection (50 &mgr;g/kg of BW) and strength training protocol was composed by four series of 12 repetitions with 65–75% of 1RM. As expected, OVX impaired glucose homeostasis, promoted weight and adiposity gain, dyslipidemia, sarcopenia and osteoporosis, but hormonal replacement and strength training improved most of these parameters. Both HR and TR normalize glucose homeostasis; however, only TR restores blood insulin. OXV also reduced the maximum force in 42%, but TR improved this parameter in 110%, in addition TR prevents sarcopenia and fat mass gain. Interestingly, strength training was able to improve significantly BMD. Taken together, these data suggest that strength training can be effective in the treatment of damage caused by OVX, which in a translational context, becomes an effective non‐pharmacological strategy to improve the health of postmenopausal women, reducing costs with secondary symptoms, mainly caused by weight gain, sarcopenia and osteoporosis.