Stefan Etschberger

The Classification of Candlestick Charts: Laying the Foundation for Further Empirical Research

The academic discussion about technical analysis has a long tradition, in American literature as well as in the German scientific community. Lo et al. (2000) laid the foundation for empirical research on the “classical” technical indicators (like “head-and-shoulders” formations) with their paper “Foundations of Technical analysis”.

Evolutionary Strategies to Avoid Local Minima in Multidimensional Scaling

Multidimensional scaling is very widely used in exploratory data analysis. It is mainly used to represent sets of objects with respect to their proximities in a low dimensional Euclidean space. Widely used optimization algorithms try to improve the representation via shifting its coordinates in direction of the negative gradient of a corresponding fit function. Depending on the initial configuration, the chosen algorithm and its parameter settings there is a possibility for the algorithm to terminate in a local minimum.