Stefen Barbosa Pujol

Injection of Dicyandiamide-Treated Pig Slurry Reduced Ammonia Volatilization without Enhancing Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions from No-Till Corn in Southern Brazil.

There is a lack of information on how placement in soil and nitrification inhibitors affects nitrous oxide (NO) and ammonia (NH) emissions from pig slurry (PS) applied under no-till (NT) conditions. Our objective was to determine the impact of injecting PS and treating it with the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on NH and NO emissions from soils under NT in subtropical southern Brazil. The emissions of these gases were compared for shallow (∼ 10 cm) injection and surface broadcasting of PS with and without DCD (8.1-10.0 kg ha; 6.5-8.4% of applied NH-N). Measurements were made at two sites during two summer growing seasons under NT corn crops. Injection reduced NH volatilization by 70% but increased NO emissions 2.4-fold (from 2628 to 6198 g NO N ha) compared with surface broadcast application. Adding DCD to PS inhibited nitrification and reduced NO emissions by an average of 28% (730 g NO-N ha) for surface broadcast and 66% (4105 g NO-N ha) for injection but did not increase NH volatilization. Consequently, NO emission factors were much higher for injection (3.6%) than for surface broadcast (1.3%) application and were reduced (0.9%) when DCD was added to injected PS. In conclusion, the injection of DCD-treated slurry is a recommendable practice for reducing NH and NO emissions when applying PS on NT corn in southern Brazil.

Volatilização de amônia e emissão de óxido nitroso após aplicação de dejetos líquidos de suínos em solo cultivado com milho

The nitrogen (N) losses through gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) after pig slurry (PS) application in soil is a subject still little studied in Brazil, especially under no-till conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate, under field conditions, the NH3 volatilization and the N2O emission after PS application in corn, with and without surface oat straw. The treatments for measuring N2O emissions, during 90 days, were: T1-unamended soil (control), T2 - Soil + PS, T3 - Soil + oat straw and T4 - Soil + PS + oat straw. The NH3 volatilization was quantified only in the last three treatments. PS, at the dose 60m³ ha-1, was applied prior the sowing of corn, in a randomized design, with three replications. Oat straw on the soil surface reduced NH3 volatilization by 34%, but enhanced N2O emission by 167%. The higher N2O fluxes occurred during the first 40 days after PS addition, always after rain and/or irrigation events.

Inibidor de nitrificação e aplicação parcelada de dejetos de suínos nas culturas do milho e trigo

Nas areas com producao intensiva de suinos, os dejetos liquidos dos animais constituem importante fonte de nitrogenio (N) as culturas; entretanto, esses dejetos sao uma das principais causas de poluicao do solo, do ar e da agua. E preciso buscar estrategias que reduzam as perdas de N desse residuo orgânico para o ambiente e que melhorem a sua eficiencia agronomica, relativa ao fornecimento de N as culturas comerciais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do uso de inibidor de nitrificacao (IN) e da aplicacao parcelada de dejetos liquidos de suinos (Dls) sobre o acumulo de N e a produtividade de milho e trigo em plantio direto. Os tratamentos avaliados constaram da aplicacao da dose recomendada de Dls em aplicacao unica e parcelada (1/3 em pre-semeadura e 2/3 em cobertura), com e sem IN. Alem desses quatro tratamentos, foi avaliado um tratamento com adubacao mineral (NPK) recomendada ao milho e ao trigo e outro sem IN e sem fertilizantes (testemunha). O IN, a base de dicianodiamida (DCD), foi misturado aos dejetos na dose de 7 kg ha-1. A aplicacao de Dls, em dose unica ou parcelada, aumentou o acumulo de N e a produtividade de milho e trigo, proporcionando resultados similares aos observados com a adubacao mineral recomendada as duas culturas. As estrategias de parcelar a dose recomendada de Dls ao milho e ao trigo e de usar a DCD para inibir a nitrificacao nao influenciaram o acumulo de N e a produtividade do milho e trigo em plantio direto.

Mitigação das emissões de amônia por zeólitas naturais durante a compostagem de dejetos de suínos

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the natural zeolites clinoptilolite and stilbite to mitigate ammonia (NH3) losses during the initial phase of pig slurry (PS) composting. Three experiments were performed in pilot scale, each lasting 14 days. The zeolites were added to the PS in increasing rates, from 5 to 20% (w/v), on a substrate consisting of a mixture of sawdust (70%) and shavings (30%). Three applications of PS + zeolites were performed per experiment, followed by a turning. The substrate went through three additional turnings, between applications. The zeolites reduced NH3 emissions and their efficiency was directly related to the applied rate. Clinoptilolite was more efficient than stilbite. In the average of the three experiments, clinoptilolite reduced in 24 to 76% NH3 emissions. The results show the high potential of natural zeolites, mainly clinoptilolite, in mitigating NH3 volatilization during PS composting.

Dinâmica da população de coliformes durante a compostagem automatizada de dejetos líquidos de suínos

Microorganisms present in pig manure can contaminate the environment. Although composting is recommended as an efficient method to reduce the pollution potential of waste, there is little research information on this process. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of automated composting of pig slurry (PS) in reducing the population of coliforms, used as fecal pollution indicators. The PS was added periodically during 106 days in substrate, with a mixture, in equal parts, of wood shavings and sawdust. There were 14 additions of PS and at each addition the compost windrows were revolved through a machine especially developed for this purpose. Two treatments with three replications were evaluated, one with and one without the addition of phosphoric acid to the slurry up to pH 6.0. The acid addition aimed to reduce N losses through the volatilization of ammonia (NH3) during composting. Coliforms were evaluated by the technique of most probable number (MPN) using the Fluorocult broth, incubated at 37 ° C for 24 h and subsequent reading in ultra violet light. The population of fecal coliforms was not affected by the addition of phosphoric acid. The automated composting process was effective in reducing faecal coliforms, whose original population decreased from 4.2 x 1010 to 1.2 x 105 at the end of composting (156 days) without addition of acid and from 3.8 x1010 to 2,3 x104 in compost with added acid. This removal of faecal coliforms, promoted by automated composting of pig slurry, corresponds to 99.99%.

Redução na velocidade da nitrificação no solo após aplicação de cama de aviário com dicianodiamida

The fast nitrification of ammoniacal nitrogen (N) of organic and mineral sources in soil can result in losses of nitrate (NO3-) to the environment. One strategy to reduce these losses involves the use of nitrification inhibitors. The objective of this study was to evaluate, in laboratory conditions, the efficiency of Agrotain® Plus (AP), which contains dicyandiamide (DCD), as a nitrification inhibitor of ammoniacal nitrogen from poultry manure (PM) in soil. Were evaluated five treatments, one with PM incorporated into the soil, three with PM incorporated into the soil with AP at the doses of 3.5, 7.0 e 14.0kg ha-1 and one treatment without PM and AP. Nitrification was monitored by measuring changes in soil mineral N (NH4+ and NO3-) periodically over 69 days. The highest rate of nitrification occurred in the treatment in which PM was incorporated into the soil without AP. The doses of 3.5 and 7.0kg ha-1 of AP inhibited partially the nitrification of ammoniacal nitrogen of PM in the initial phase of incubation, losing the ability to inhibit this process in the period between 12 and 27 days. The treatment with the higher dose of AP (14kg ha-1) was on in which the DCD exerted more inhibitory effect on nitrification, preserving most NH4+ and delaying the onset of NO3- in soil. The results of this study indicate that the DCD, contained in the Agrotain® Plus, reduces the nitrification rate of ammoniacal nitrogen from PM in soil, that may contribute to reduce NO3- losses to the environment.