Stepan Kuznetsov

Count-invariance including exponentials

We define infinitary count-invariance for categorial logic, extending countinvariance for multiplicatives (van Benthem, 1991) and additives and bracket modalities (Valentin et al., 2013) to include exponentials. This provides an effective tool for pruning proof search in categorial parsing/theorem-proving.

On translating Lambek grammars with one division into context-free grammars

We describe a method of translating a Lambek grammar with one division into an equivalent context-free grammar whose size is bounded by a polynomial in the size of the original grammar. Earlier constructions by Buszkowski and Pentus lead to exponential growth of the grammar size.

Conjunctive Categorial Grammars.

Basic categorial grammars are enriched with a conjunction operation, and it is proved that the formalism obtained in this way has the same expressive power as conjunctive grammars, that is, context-free grammars enhanced with conjunction. It is also shown that categorial grammars with conjunction can be naturally embedded into the Lambek calculus with conjunction and disjunction operations. This further implies that a certain NP-complete set can be defined in the Lambek calculus with conjunction.

Undecidability of the Lambek Calculus with Subexponential and Bracket Modalities

The Lambek calculus is a well-known logical formalism for modelling natural language syntax. The original calculus covered a substantial number of intricate natural language phenomena, but only those restricted to the context-free setting. In order to address more subtle linguistic issues, the Lambek calculus has been extended in various ways. In particular, Morrill and Valentin (2015) introduce an extension with so-called exponential and bracket modalities. Their extension is based on a non-standard contraction rule for the exponential that interacts with the bracket structure in an intricate way. The standard contraction rule is not admissible in this calculus. In this paper we prove undecidability of the derivability problem in their calculus. We also investigate restricted decidable fragments considered by Morrill and Valentin and we show that these fragments belong to the NP class.

On Lambek’s Restriction in the Presence of Exponential Modalities

The Lambek calculus can be considered as a version of non-commutative intuitionistic linear logic. One of the interesting features of the Lambek calculus is the so-called “Lambek’s restriction,” that is, the antecedent of any provable sequent should be non-empty. In this paper we discuss ways of extending the Lambek calculus with the linear logic exponential modality while keeping Lambek’s restriction. We present several versions of the Lambek calculus extended with exponential modalities and prove that those extensions are undecidable, even if we take only one of the two divisions provided by the Lambek calculus.

On translating context-free grammars into Lambek grammars

We consider context-free grammars and Lambek grammars enriched with semantic labeling. Such grammars do not just answer whether a given word belongs to the language described by the grammar, but, if the answer is positive, also assign the word a λ-term that corresponds to the semantic value (“meaning”) of the word. We present a modification of W. Buszkowski’s direct translation of context-free grammars in the Chomsky normal form into Lambek grammars; this modification preserves semantic values of words.

A Logical Framework with Commutative and Non-commutative Subexponentials

Logical frameworks allow the specification of deductive systems using the same logical machinery. Linear logical frameworks have been successfully used for the specification of a number of computational, logics and proof systems. Its success relies on the fact that formulas can be distinguished as linear, which behave intuitively as resources, and unbounded, which behave intuitionistically. Commutative subexponentials enhance the expressiveness of linear logic frameworks by allowing the distinction of multiple contexts. These contexts may behave as multisets of formulas or sets of formulas. Motivated by applications in distributed systems and in type-logical grammar, we propose a linear logical framework containing both commutative and non-commutative subexponentials. Non-commutative subexponentials can be used to specify contexts which behave as lists, not multisets, of formulas. In addition, motivated by our applications in type-logical grammar, where the weakenening rule is disallowed, we investigate the proof theory of formulas that can only contract, but not weaken. In fact, our contraction is non-local. We demonstrate that under some conditions such formulas may be treated as unbounded formulas, which behave intuitionistically.

L-completeness of the lambek calculus with the reversal operation

We extend the Lambek calculus with rules for a unary operation corresponding to language reversal and prove that this calculus is complete with respect to the class of models on subsets of free semigroups (L-models). We also prove that categorial grammars based on this calculus generate precisely all context-free languages without the empty word.

Bracket Induction for Lambek Calculus with Bracket Modalities

Relativisation involves dependencies which, although unbounded, are constrained with respect to certain island domains. The Lambek calculus L can provide a very rudimentary account of relativisation limited to unbounded peripheral extraction; the Lambek calculus with bracket modalities Lb can further condition this account according to island domains. However in naive parsing/theorem-proving by backward chaining sequent proof search for Lb the bracketed island domains, which can be indefinitely nested, have to be specified in the linguistic input. In realistic parsing word order is given but such hierarchical bracketing structure cannot be assumed to be given. In this paper we show how parsing can be realised which induces the bracketing structure in backward chaining sequent proof search with Lb.

The Lambek Calculus with Iteration: Two Variants

Formulae of the Lambek calculus are constructed using three binary connectives, multiplication and two divisions. We extend it using a unary connective, positive Kleene iteration. For this new operation, following its natural interpretation, we present two lines of calculi. The first one is a fragment of infinitary action logic and includes an omega-rule for introducing iteration to the antecedent. We also consider a version with infinite (but finitely branching) derivations and prove equivalence of these two versions. In Kleene algebras, this line of calculi corresponds to the *-continuous case. For the second line, we restrict our infinite derivations to cyclic (regular) ones. We show that this system is equivalent to a variant of action logic that corresponds to general residuated Kleene algebras, not necessarily *-continuous. Finally, we show that, in contrast with the case without division operations (considered by Kozen), the first system is strictly stronger than the second one. To prove this, we use a complexity argument. Namely, we show, using methods of Buszkowski and Palka, that the first system is \(\varPi _1^0\)-hard, and therefore is not recursively enumerable and cannot be described by a calculus with finite derivations.