Stéphane Crozat

Éléments pour une théorie opérationnelle de l'écriture numérique

Le passage a l’ecriture numerique est une reconfiguration qui agit sur la nature de la connaissance. Il y a un enjeu scientifique et operationnel a etudier cette ecriture renouvelee, en particulier pour la conception de systemes, l’analyse de pratiques et l’enseignement de l’ecriture numerique. Cet article y contribue sous la forme d’une etude theorique reposant sur une description a trois niveaux du numerique : theoretico-ideal, techno-applicatif et semio-rhetorique. Cette description est prolongee par une carte heuristique des fonctions de l’ecriture numerique et un repertoire de figures rhetoriques et de genres d’ecrits numeriques.

Structured and fragmented content in collaborative XML publishing chains

In this paper, we present the main results of the C2M project through one of its operational deliverable: the Scenari4 collaborative editing and publishing system for XML content. The purpose of the C2M project was to design a system able to manage structured and fragmented contents - as XML publishing chains do - while providing collaborative possibilities - as Enterprise Content Management systems (ECM) do. The main issue is related to transclusion relationships which are massively used in XML publishing chains, in order to support repurposing without copying. This approach is not compatible with the classical way ECMs manage content, especially in terms of propagation of modifications, rights or transactions management. We propose two complementary solutions to manage two different levels of collaboration. The workspace is designed as a highly dynamic place able to deal with live fragments, linked together in a network, that can be easily updated at any time by any user. The library is a more static and more classical way to manage content, dedicated to folder-documents, which are XML frozen versions of sub-networks extracted from workspaces. While workspaces are dedicated to content elaboration and maintenance, libraries are places to store, to read, or to exchange stable documents. Scenari4 is released under FLOSS license and has been being used in several experimental and commercial contexts since the beginning of 2012.

An Ontological Approach for Design and Evaluation of Tutoring Systems

People are used to dealing with paper and textual documents. Nonetheless the satisfactory principles for those documents are mostly not transposable to numeric and multimedia ones. Authors do not know how to design software and users do not know how to evaluate their relevancy. Since the domain is still emerging we do not have rules stating on the characteristics an ITS should fulfil. We quickly understood that computer science was just a small part of the domain, but after having explored several areas such as human-machine interface, multimedia, scenarios, and pedagogy we still can not precisely and totally solve the question. We nevertheless intend to submit an answer, being aware that it would be nothing but a point of view on the problem and not an absolute description. We wanted the knowledge we gathered to be represented and organised so that it could be a statement of the existing reality, sharable by various actors of the domain, effortlessly usable and reusable, easily evolving. These requirements fit with the concept of ontology in AI

An Approach for Designing Proofreading Views in Publishing Chains

Documentary production often involves a revising process in which documents need to be proofread. This important task faces new challenges when dealing with digital documents. Indeed, three features of digital writing are problematic: (1) documents evolve very frequently and cannot be proofread each time as a whole, (2) interactions provided by hypertexts make the task less efficient and (3) document repurposing increases the views of content to proofread. As an advanced digital writing technology, XML publishing chains are a relevant framework for studying proofreading of digital documents. This paper argues the need for proofreading views, which enable the comparison of two versions of the document based on a diff algorithm. It also proposes a design approach based on case studies within Scenari publishing chains, involving the annotation of content and the validation of modifications.