Stephanie Vialle

Analysis of high-resolution X-ray computed tomography images of Bentheim sandstone under elevated confining pressures

A sample of Bentheim sandstone was characterized using high-resolution threedimensional X-ray microscopy at two different confining pressures of 1 MPa and 20 MPa. The two recordings can be directly compared with each other because the same sample volume was imaged in either case. After image processing, a porosity reduction from 21.92% to 21.76% can be deduced from the segmented data. With voxel-based numerical simulation techniques, we determined apparent hydraulic transport properties and effective elastic properties. These results were compared with laboratory measurements using reference samples. Laboratory and computed volumes, as well as hydraulic transport properties, agree fairly well. To achieve a reasonable agreement for the effective elastic properties, we define pressure-dependent grain contact zones in addition to mineral phases in the digital rock images. From that, we derive a specific digital rock physics template resulting in a very good agreement between laboratory data and simulations. The digital rock physics template aims to contribute to a more standardized approach of X-ray computed tomography data analysis as a tool to determine and predict elastic rock properties.

Effect of brine salinity on CO2 plume migration and trapping capacity in deep saline aquifers

CO2 migration and storage capacity are highly affected by various parameters (e.g. reservoir temperature, vertical to horizontal permeability ratio, cap rock properties, aquifer depth and the reservoir heterogeneity). One of these parameters, which has received little attention, is brine salinity. Although brine salinity has been well demonstrated previously as a factor affecting rock wettability (i.e. higher brine salinity leads to more CO2-wet rocks), its effect on the CO2 storage process has not been addressed effectively. Thus, we developed a three-dimensional homogeneous reservoir model to simulate the behaviour of a CO2 plume in a deep saline aquifer using five different salinities (ranging from 2000 to 200 000 ppm) and have predicted associated CO2 migration patterns and trapping capacities. CO2 was injected at a depth of 1408 m for a period of 1 year at a rate of 1 Mt year–1 and then stored for the next 100 years. The results clearly indicate that 100 years after the injection of CO2 has stopped, the salinity has a significant effect on the CO2 migration distance and the amount of mobile, residual and dissolved CO2. First, the results show that higher brine salinity leads to an increase in CO2 mobility and CO2 migration distance, but reduces the amount of residually trapped CO2. Furthermore, high brine salinity leads to reduced dissolution trapping. Thus, we conclude that less-saline aquifers are preferable CO2 sinks.

Analysis of high resolution X-ray CT images of Bentheim Sandstone under elevated confining pressures

A sample of Bentheim sandstone was characterized using high-resolution threedimensional X-ray microscopy at two different confining pressures of 1 MPa and 20 MPa. The two recordings can be directly compared with each other because the same sample volume was imaged in either case. After image processing, a porosity reduction from 21.92% to 21.76% can be deduced from the segmented data. With voxel-based numerical simulation techniques, we determined apparent hydraulic transport properties and effective elastic properties. These results were compared with laboratory measurements using reference samples. Laboratory and computed volumes, as well as hydraulic transport properties, agree fairly well. To achieve a reasonable agreement for the effective elastic properties, we define pressure-dependent grain contact zones in addition to mineral phases in the digital rock images. From that, we derive a specific digital rock physics template resulting in a very good agreement between laboratory data and simulations. The digital rock physics template aims to contribute to a more standardized approach of X-ray computed tomography data analysis as a tool to determine and predict elastic rock properties.

Impact of injected water salinity on CO2 storage efficiency in homogenous reservoirs

Water alternating gas (WAG) injection significantly improves enhanced oil recovery efficiency by improving the sweep efficiency. However, the impact of injected water salinity during WAG injection on CO2 storage efficiency has not been previously demonstrated. Thus, a 3D reservoir model has been developed for simulating CO2 injection and storage processes in homogeneous reservoirs with different water injection scenarios (i.e. low salinity water injection (1000 ppm NaCl), high salinity water injection (250 000 ppm NaCl) and no water injection), and the associated reservoir-scale CO2 plume dynamics and CO2 dissolution have been predicted. Furthermore, in this work, we have investigated the efficiency of dissolution trapping with and without WAG injection. For all water injection scenarios, 5000 kton of CO2 were injected during a 10-year CO2 injection period. For high and low salinity water injection scenarios, 5 cycles of CO2 injection (each cycle is one year) at a rate of 1000 kton/year were carried out, and each CO2 cycle was followed by a one year water injection at a rate of 0.015 pore volume per year. This injection period was followed by a 500-year post injection (storage) period. Our results clearly indicate that injected water salinity has a significant impact on the quantity of dissolved CO2 and on the CO2 plume dynamics. The low salinity water injection resulted in the maximum CO2 dissolution and minimum vertical migration of CO2. Also, our results show that WAG injection enhances dissolution trapping and reduces CO2 leakage risk for both injected water salinities. Thus, we conclude that the low salinity water injection improves CO2 storage efficiency.

Analysis of high-resolution X-ray computed tomography images of Bentheim sandstone under elevated confining pressures: High-resolution X-ray CT images

A sample of Bentheim sandstone was characterized using high-resolution threedimensional X-ray microscopy at two different confining pressures of 1 MPa and 20 MPa. The two recordings can be directly compared with each other because the same sample volume was imaged in either case. After image processing, a porosity reduction from 21.92% to 21.76% can be deduced from the segmented data. With voxel-based numerical simulation techniques, we determined apparent hydraulic transport properties and effective elastic properties. These results were compared with laboratory measurements using reference samples. Laboratory and computed volumes, as well as hydraulic transport properties, agree fairly well. To achieve a reasonable agreement for the effective elastic properties, we define pressure-dependent grain contact zones in addition to mineral phases in the digital rock images. From that, we derive a specific digital rock physics template resulting in a very good agreement between laboratory data and simulations. The digital rock physics template aims to contribute to a more standardized approach of X-ray computed tomography data analysis as a tool to determine and predict elastic rock properties.