Stephen A. Teale

Quantitative, Nondestructive Assessment of Beech Scale (Hemiptera: Cryptococcidae) Density Using Digital Image Analysis of Wax Masses

ABSTRACT Beech scale, Cryptococcus fagisuga Lindinger, is a non-native invasive insect associated with beech bark disease. A quantitative method of measuring viable scale density at the levels of the individual tree and localized bark patches was developed. Bark patches (10 cm2) were removed at 0, 1, and 2 m above the ground and at the four cardinal directions from 13 trees in northern New York and 12 trees in northern Michigan. Digital photographs of each patch were made, and the wax mass area was measured from two random 1-cm2 subsamples on each bark patch using image analysis software. Viable scale insects were counted after removing the wax under a dissecting microscope. Separate regression analyses at the whole tree level for the New York and Michigan sites each showed a strong positive relationship of wax mass area with the number of underlying viable scale insects. The relationships for the New York and Michigan data were not significantly different from each other, and when pooling data from the two sites, there was still a significant positive relationship between wax mass area and the number of scale insects. The relationships between viable scale insects and wax mass area were different at the 0-, 1-, and 2-m sampling heights but do not seem to affect the relationship. This method does not disrupt the insect or its interactions with the host tree.

Forest Health: Index

Preface Part I. Forest Health and Mortality: 1. The past as key to the future: a new perspective on forest health S. A. Teale and J. D. Castello 2. Mortality: the essence of a healthy forest L. Zhang, B. D. Rubin and P. D. Manion 3. How do we do it, and what does it mean?: forest health case studies J. D. Castello, S. A. Teale and J. A. Cale Part II. Forest Health and its Ecological Components: 4. Regulators and terminators: the importance of biotic factors to a healthy forest S. A. Teale and J. D. Castello 5. Alien invasions: the effects of introduced species on forest structure and function D. Parry and S. A. Teale 6. Out of sight, underground: forest health, edaphic factors, and mycorrhizae R. D. Briggs and T. R. Horton 7. Earth, wind, and fire: abiotic factors and the impacts of global environmental change on forest health J. E. Lundquist, A. E. Camp, M. L. Tyrrell, S. J. Seybold, P. Cannon and D. J. Lodge Part III. Forest Health and the Human Dimension: 8. Silviculture, forest management, and forest health: an axe does not a forester make C. A. Nowak, R. H. Germain and A. P. Drew 9. Biodiversity, conservation, and sustainable timber harvest: can we have it all? S. P. Campbell, D. A. Patrick and J. P. Gibbs 10. Seeing the forest for the trees: forest health monitoring M. Fierke, D. Nowak and R. Hofstetter 11. What did we learn, and where does it leave us?: concluding thoughts J. D. Castello and S. A. Teale Appendix A. Microsoft Excel instructions for Chapter 2 Appendix B. Microsoft Excel instructions for Chapter 3 Appendix C. Glossary of terms Index.

Forest Health: Forest Health

Preface Part I. Forest Health and Mortality: 1. The past as key to the future: a new perspective on forest health S. A. Teale and J. D. Castello 2. Mortality: the essence of a healthy forest L. Zhang, B. D. Rubin and P. D. Manion 3. How do we do it, and what does it mean?: forest health case studies J. D. Castello, S. A. Teale and J. A. Cale Part II. Forest Health and its Ecological Components: 4. Regulators and terminators: the importance of biotic factors to a healthy forest S. A. Teale and J. D. Castello 5. Alien invasions: the effects of introduced species on forest structure and function D. Parry and S. A. Teale 6. Out of sight, underground: forest health, edaphic factors, and mycorrhizae R. D. Briggs and T. R. Horton 7. Earth, wind, and fire: abiotic factors and the impacts of global environmental change on forest health J. E. Lundquist, A. E. Camp, M. L. Tyrrell, S. J. Seybold, P. Cannon and D. J. Lodge Part III. Forest Health and the Human Dimension: 8. Silviculture, forest management, and forest health: an axe does not a forester make C. A. Nowak, R. H. Germain and A. P. Drew 9. Biodiversity, conservation, and sustainable timber harvest: can we have it all? S. P. Campbell, D. A. Patrick and J. P. Gibbs 10. Seeing the forest for the trees: forest health monitoring M. Fierke, D. Nowak and R. Hofstetter 11. What did we learn, and where does it leave us?: concluding thoughts J. D. Castello and S. A. Teale Appendix A. Microsoft Excel instructions for Chapter 2 Appendix B. Microsoft Excel instructions for Chapter 3 Appendix C. Glossary of terms Index.

Forest Health: Forest health and mortality

Preface Part I. Forest Health and Mortality: 1. The past as key to the future: a new perspective on forest health S. A. Teale and J. D. Castello 2. Mortality: the essence of a healthy forest L. Zhang, B. D. Rubin and P. D. Manion 3. How do we do it, and what does it mean?: forest health case studies J. D. Castello, S. A. Teale and J. A. Cale Part II. Forest Health and its Ecological Components: 4. Regulators and terminators: the importance of biotic factors to a healthy forest S. A. Teale and J. D. Castello 5. Alien invasions: the effects of introduced species on forest structure and function D. Parry and S. A. Teale 6. Out of sight, underground: forest health, edaphic factors, and mycorrhizae R. D. Briggs and T. R. Horton 7. Earth, wind, and fire: abiotic factors and the impacts of global environmental change on forest health J. E. Lundquist, A. E. Camp, M. L. Tyrrell, S. J. Seybold, P. Cannon and D. J. Lodge Part III. Forest Health and the Human Dimension: 8. Silviculture, forest management, and forest health: an axe does not a forester make C. A. Nowak, R. H. Germain and A. P. Drew 9. Biodiversity, conservation, and sustainable timber harvest: can we have it all? S. P. Campbell, D. A. Patrick and J. P. Gibbs 10. Seeing the forest for the trees: forest health monitoring M. Fierke, D. Nowak and R. Hofstetter 11. What did we learn, and where does it leave us?: concluding thoughts J. D. Castello and S. A. Teale Appendix A. Microsoft Excel instructions for Chapter 2 Appendix B. Microsoft Excel instructions for Chapter 3 Appendix C. Glossary of terms Index.

Forest Health: List of contributors

Preface Part I. Forest Health and Mortality: 1. The past as key to the future: a new perspective on forest health S. A. Teale and J. D. Castello 2. Mortality: the essence of a healthy forest L. Zhang, B. D. Rubin and P. D. Manion 3. How do we do it, and what does it mean?: forest health case studies J. D. Castello, S. A. Teale and J. A. Cale Part II. Forest Health and its Ecological Components: 4. Regulators and terminators: the importance of biotic factors to a healthy forest S. A. Teale and J. D. Castello 5. Alien invasions: the effects of introduced species on forest structure and function D. Parry and S. A. Teale 6. Out of sight, underground: forest health, edaphic factors, and mycorrhizae R. D. Briggs and T. R. Horton 7. Earth, wind, and fire: abiotic factors and the impacts of global environmental change on forest health J. E. Lundquist, A. E. Camp, M. L. Tyrrell, S. J. Seybold, P. Cannon and D. J. Lodge Part III. Forest Health and the Human Dimension: 8. Silviculture, forest management, and forest health: an axe does not a forester make C. A. Nowak, R. H. Germain and A. P. Drew 9. Biodiversity, conservation, and sustainable timber harvest: can we have it all? S. P. Campbell, D. A. Patrick and J. P. Gibbs 10. Seeing the forest for the trees: forest health monitoring M. Fierke, D. Nowak and R. Hofstetter 11. What did we learn, and where does it leave us?: concluding thoughts J. D. Castello and S. A. Teale Appendix A. Microsoft Excel instructions for Chapter 2 Appendix B. Microsoft Excel instructions for Chapter 3 Appendix C. Glossary of terms Index.

Forest Health: Forest health and the human dimension

Preface Part I. Forest Health and Mortality: 1. The past as key to the future: a new perspective on forest health S. A. Teale and J. D. Castello 2. Mortality: the essence of a healthy forest L. Zhang, B. D. Rubin and P. D. Manion 3. How do we do it, and what does it mean?: forest health case studies J. D. Castello, S. A. Teale and J. A. Cale Part II. Forest Health and its Ecological Components: 4. Regulators and terminators: the importance of biotic factors to a healthy forest S. A. Teale and J. D. Castello 5. Alien invasions: the effects of introduced species on forest structure and function D. Parry and S. A. Teale 6. Out of sight, underground: forest health, edaphic factors, and mycorrhizae R. D. Briggs and T. R. Horton 7. Earth, wind, and fire: abiotic factors and the impacts of global environmental change on forest health J. E. Lundquist, A. E. Camp, M. L. Tyrrell, S. J. Seybold, P. Cannon and D. J. Lodge Part III. Forest Health and the Human Dimension: 8. Silviculture, forest management, and forest health: an axe does not a forester make C. A. Nowak, R. H. Germain and A. P. Drew 9. Biodiversity, conservation, and sustainable timber harvest: can we have it all? S. P. Campbell, D. A. Patrick and J. P. Gibbs 10. Seeing the forest for the trees: forest health monitoring M. Fierke, D. Nowak and R. Hofstetter 11. What did we learn, and where does it leave us?: concluding thoughts J. D. Castello and S. A. Teale Appendix A. Microsoft Excel instructions for Chapter 2 Appendix B. Microsoft Excel instructions for Chapter 3 Appendix C. Glossary of terms Index.

Forest Health: Contents

Preface Part I. Forest Health and Mortality: 1. The past as key to the future: a new perspective on forest health S. A. Teale and J. D. Castello 2. Mortality: the essence of a healthy forest L. Zhang, B. D. Rubin and P. D. Manion 3. How do we do it, and what does it mean?: forest health case studies J. D. Castello, S. A. Teale and J. A. Cale Part II. Forest Health and its Ecological Components: 4. Regulators and terminators: the importance of biotic factors to a healthy forest S. A. Teale and J. D. Castello 5. Alien invasions: the effects of introduced species on forest structure and function D. Parry and S. A. Teale 6. Out of sight, underground: forest health, edaphic factors, and mycorrhizae R. D. Briggs and T. R. Horton 7. Earth, wind, and fire: abiotic factors and the impacts of global environmental change on forest health J. E. Lundquist, A. E. Camp, M. L. Tyrrell, S. J. Seybold, P. Cannon and D. J. Lodge Part III. Forest Health and the Human Dimension: 8. Silviculture, forest management, and forest health: an axe does not a forester make C. A. Nowak, R. H. Germain and A. P. Drew 9. Biodiversity, conservation, and sustainable timber harvest: can we have it all? S. P. Campbell, D. A. Patrick and J. P. Gibbs 10. Seeing the forest for the trees: forest health monitoring M. Fierke, D. Nowak and R. Hofstetter 11. What did we learn, and where does it leave us?: concluding thoughts J. D. Castello and S. A. Teale Appendix A. Microsoft Excel instructions for Chapter 2 Appendix B. Microsoft Excel instructions for Chapter 3 Appendix C. Glossary of terms Index.

Forest Health: Forest health and its ecological components

Preface Part I. Forest Health and Mortality: 1. The past as key to the future: a new perspective on forest health S. A. Teale and J. D. Castello 2. Mortality: the essence of a healthy forest L. Zhang, B. D. Rubin and P. D. Manion 3. How do we do it, and what does it mean?: forest health case studies J. D. Castello, S. A. Teale and J. A. Cale Part II. Forest Health and its Ecological Components: 4. Regulators and terminators: the importance of biotic factors to a healthy forest S. A. Teale and J. D. Castello 5. Alien invasions: the effects of introduced species on forest structure and function D. Parry and S. A. Teale 6. Out of sight, underground: forest health, edaphic factors, and mycorrhizae R. D. Briggs and T. R. Horton 7. Earth, wind, and fire: abiotic factors and the impacts of global environmental change on forest health J. E. Lundquist, A. E. Camp, M. L. Tyrrell, S. J. Seybold, P. Cannon and D. J. Lodge Part III. Forest Health and the Human Dimension: 8. Silviculture, forest management, and forest health: an axe does not a forester make C. A. Nowak, R. H. Germain and A. P. Drew 9. Biodiversity, conservation, and sustainable timber harvest: can we have it all? S. P. Campbell, D. A. Patrick and J. P. Gibbs 10. Seeing the forest for the trees: forest health monitoring M. Fierke, D. Nowak and R. Hofstetter 11. What did we learn, and where does it leave us?: concluding thoughts J. D. Castello and S. A. Teale Appendix A. Microsoft Excel instructions for Chapter 2 Appendix B. Microsoft Excel instructions for Chapter 3 Appendix C. Glossary of terms Index.