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American Political Science Review | 1979

Aristippus in and out of Athens

Stephen Holmes

This article has two purposes. The first is to show how some of the central principles of classical Greek political theory became anachronistic as a result of massive transformations in the underlying structure of European society. These principles, it is argued, were originally dependent on an empirical premise that the polity is a “whole” encompassing individual “parts,” or (stated differently) that the polity is identical with total society. This whole/part schematization of the polity seemed plausible in the ancient city since most sectors of polis life had political connotations or overtones. The same schema, however, became an archaism in modern Europe, chiefly because of the emphatic emergence of a distinction between state and society–one aspect of a more general increase in the structural differentiation of society. The second and closely related purpose is to explore the feasibility of a claim once advanced by Benjamin Constant: that the organizational transformations involved in the modernization of European society have created a novel rhetorical opportunity, the possibility of defending tyranny in the name of freedom and democracy.


East European Politics and Societies | 2003

A European Doppelstaat

Stephen Holmes

The constitutional reform debate is not the only open-ended process muddying the future of the European Union. The full effects, in particular, of eastern enlargement on the contours and internal dynamics of the EU after 2004 remain dimly perceived. But in Eastern Europe itself, partly under the influence of nationalistpopulist politicians, a clear but unappealing picture of an enlarged EU has begun to crystallize. Fears of being marginalized inflame worries of a last-minute decision to block enlargement. But the same fears also fuel concern that the postcommunist applicant countries will, indeed, accede to the EU as expected, but under especially unfavorable or unfair terms. The new Europolity, according to this perhaps alarmist line of thought, will be a dual state, with the new wave of entrants being treated like second-class citizens whose interests are handled just as cavalierly after entry as before. This distressing image corresponds more or less to Hubert Védrine’s nightmare of an EU made up of concentric circles: “ce serait l’Enfer de Dante à l’envers, avec les privilégiés au centre et les laissés-pour-compte à la périphérie, sans esprit de changement.” Such a two-tier EU, if it comes about, may service the material interests of myopic Western constituencies with good access to Brussels. But it may also inadvertently undermine the security interests of Western Europe as a whole by politically destabilizing the EU’s eastern flank.


Archive | 1985

Differenzierung und Arbeitsteilung im Denken des Liberalismus

Stephen Holmes

Neue Gliederungen werden oft hinter dem Rucken der einzelnen Akteure ins gesellschaftliche Leben eingefuhrt, „erzeugt ohne jedes Gespur fur ihre Auswirkung auf das Ganze.“2 Das ist jedoch durchaus nicht immer der Fall. Zwar wartete weder die Differenzierung von Rollen noch das Aufkommen unterschiedener Interaktionskontexte auf das Erscheinen von Sozialingenieuren mit Blaupausen in den Handen, aber dennoch — und das ist auch geschehen — kann man Disjunktionen bewust einfuhren. Solche Differenzierungen, die das geplante Ergebnis eines politischen Kampfes sind, verstehen wir am besten als bewuste Alternative, als Gegenangebot. Die Reform des Kleisthenes ist dafur ein klassisches Beispiel. Vor der Reform gab es fur die Bevolkerung Attikas ein eindeutiges Unterteilungsmuster: sie war segmentiert in eine Anzahl von Sippen und Phratrien. Uber dieses Sippensystem legte Kleisthenes ein Netz von Klassifikationen und Abgrenzungen, „eine neue Einteilung des Volkes“3 auf der Grundlage des Wohnortes und nicht mehr der Abstammung. Mit der Zeit „gewohnten sich die Menschen daran, sich mehr und mehr als Gemeindeglieder und nicht als Mitglieder einer Sippe zu verstehen.“4 In der Tat hatte die Einrichtung der ‚Demen‘, diese Gegendifferenzierung (counterdifferentiation), zwei Funktionen, eine negative und eine positive. Sie lockerte die Umklammerung durch Blutsverwandtschaft und Kultloyalitat und festigte den Sinn dafur, einer Gemeinschaft von Burgern anzugehoren. Auf diese Weise machte sie die Athener fahig, sich zum ersten Male selbst zu regieren.


Archive | 1999

The cost of rights : why liberty depends on taxes

Stephen Holmes; Cass R. Sunstein


Archive | 1995

Passions and Constraint: On the Theory of Liberal Democracy

Stephen Holmes


Archive | 1993

The Anatomy of Antiliberalism

Stephen Holmes


Archive | 1999

The Cost of Rights

Cass R. Sunstein; Stephen Holmes


The American Historical Review | 1985

Benjamin Constant and the making of modern liberalism

R. Emmet Kennedy; Stephen Holmes


Responding to Imperfection: The Theory and Practice of Constitutional Amendment | 1995

The Politics of Constitutional Revision in Eastern Europe

Cass R. Sunstein; Stephen Holmes


Archive | 2005

Al‐Qaeda, September 11, 2001

Stephen Holmes

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Jonathan M. Barnett

University of Southern California

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Gilbert Allardyce

University of New Brunswick

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