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Dive into the research topics where Steve Oswald is active.

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Featured researches published by Steve Oswald.


International Review of Pragmatics | 2009

Defining Manipulative Discourse: The Pragmatics of Cognitive Illusions

Didier Maillat; Steve Oswald

Manipulative discourse has attracted a lot of attention in various adjacent domains of linguistic research, notably in rhetoric, argumentation theory, philosophy of language, discourse analysis, pragmatics, among others. We start with a review of the existing definitions provided in these fields and highlight some of the difficulties they encounter. In particular, we argue that there is still a need for an analytic model that makes predictions about manipulative discourse. We propose an alternative account of manipulation couched in the relevance-theoretic framework which treats manipulation as a two-step communicative attempt at misleading the context-selection process when interpreting a target utterance. We argue further that such attempts systematically exploit the inherent weaknesses or flaws of the human cognitive system that are amply discussed in cognitive psychology under the heading of “cognitive illusions”. We claim that such a model correctly captures classical instances of manipulative discourse which fall outside the scope of other accounts.


Discourse Studies | 2011

From interpretation to consent: Arguments, beliefs and meaning

Steve Oswald

This article addresses the relationship between understanding and believing from the cognitive perspective of information-processing. I promote, within the scope of the Critical Discourse Analysis agenda, the relevance of an account of belief-fixation sustained by a combination of argumentative and cognitive insights. To this end, I first argue that discursive strategies fulfilling legitimization purposes, such as evidentials (see Hart, this issue), tap into the same cognitive mechanisms as (both sound and fallacious) arguments. I then proceed to examine the idea that the most effective arguments are the ones that manage to obscure or make irrelevant counter-evidence and propose, from a cognitive pragmatic perspective, a formulation of rhetorical effectiveness as a constraint on information-selection taking place at the interpretation stage and decisively influencing the evaluation stage responsible for belief-fixation.


Archive | 2014

L’argument d’autorité: de sa structure à ses effets: Thierry Herman

Thierry Herman; Steve Oswald

«Le principe de l’argument d’autorité est si bien analysé qu’il semble difficile d’apporter à sa description quelque élément nouveau» (Doury 1999: 1, online). L’argumentation cherchant une légitimation par un propos émanant d’une autorité est un schème fréquent, son fonctionnement semble assez limpide a priori et son efficacité est souvent démontrée (cf. par exemple Cialdini 2006: 208 sqq). En outre, il est à lui seul une des quatre familles d’arguments dans la typologie proposée par Philippe Breton (2005) et figure en bonne place – sinon en première place – dans les manuels d’introductions aux sophismes de logique informelle (Tindale 2007, Walton 2006 par exemple). Dans la tradition normative de la logique informelle, le schème argumentatif se repère par la co-présence explicite d’une proposition énoncée P et de son locuteur X. Selon Tindale (2007), parmi d’autres manuels d’argumentation de la même ligne de pensée, on peut en effet résumer l’argument d’autorité de la manière suivante: «Quelqu’un (ou quelque source) asserte un propos P. Donc P est vrai» (2007: 131, notre traduction). Implicitement, l’argumentation implique une prémisse selon laquelle la source en question est une autorité au sujet de P. Nous voudrions montrer que l’argument par l’autorité demande d’être précisé par rapport à une définition commune, présente une structure qui n’a rien de commun avec la très grande majorité des autres schèmes argumentatifs et implique l’idée d’imposer une réalité qui peut être problématique à appréhender lorsque cette réalité est imposée par l’autorité du locuteur. Nous voudrions plus spécifiquement illustrer dans cette contribution les points suivants: 1. Il nous semble que la conclusion de l’argument d’autorité touche moins à une question de vérité de l’énoncé – ce qui serait typique d’une tradition logique – qu’à une question de certitude (assumée par le


Archive | 2014

Pragmatics, cognitive heuristics and the straw man fallacy: Steve Oswald, Marcin Lewiñski

Thierry Herman; Steve Oswald

In the literature on argumentation, the straw man fallacy denotes the misrepresentation of someone’s position in order to easily refute that position (see Aikin & Casey 2011, Lewiński 2011, Bizer, Kozak, & Holterman 2009, van Eemeren & Grootendorst 1992: Ch. 11, van Laar 2008, Talisse & Aikin 2006, Walton 1996, Walton & Macagno 2010). An argumentative move that involves a straw man can thus be characterised by its two constitutive elements (Lewiński 2011): the function of refuting an opponent’s position and the form consisting in various methods of misrepresentation of the original position (misquotation, selective quotation, taking out of context, attacking a fictitious opponent, etc.). The straw man fallacy has drawn considerable scholarly attention, not least because of its prevalence in public discourse (see esp. Aikin & Casey 2011 and Talisse & Aikin 2006). What is a remarkable but often overlooked feature of the straw man is that, contrary to most other common fallacies such as ad hominem or ad baculum, it is a meta-discursive fallacy. It “operates” on someone else’s discourse that serves as material for linguistic manoeuvring.1 It therefore does not neatly fit into the Aristotelian categories of verbal (“dependent on language”) and material (“not dependent on language”) fallacies (see


Belgian Journal of Linguistics | 2008

Explicitness, implicitness and commitment attribution: A cognitive pragmatic approach

Patrick Morency; Steve Oswald; Louis de Saussure


Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture | 2011

Constraining context: a pragmatic account of cognitive manipulation

Didier Maillat; Steve Oswald; Christopher Hart


Journal of Pragmatics | 2013

When and how do we deal with straw men? A normative and cognitive pragmatic account

Marcin Lewiński; Steve Oswald


Argumentation | 2014

Metaphor as Argument: Rhetorical and Epistemic Advantages of Extended Metaphors

Steve Oswald; Alain Rihs


Archive | 2013

Trust based on bias: Cognitive constraints on source-related fallacies

Steve Oswald; Christopher Hart


Archive | 2014

Rhétorique et cognition - Rhetoric and Cognition

Thierry Herman; Steve Oswald

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Marcin Lewiński

Universidade Nova de Lisboa

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