Steven C. Adamson

Impact of online primary care visits on standard costs: a pilot study.

As medical providers seek new ways to control costs, online visits have begun to receive serious consideration. The purpose of this study was to compare the odds of being a cost outlier during a 6-month period after either an online visit or a standard drop-in visit in a conventional medical office setting. Medical records of primary care patients (both adults and children) seen in a large group practice in Minnesota in 2008 were analyzed for this study. Two groups of patients were studied: those who had an online visit (N = 390) and a comparison group who had regular office care for same-day, acute visits (N = 376). Case types were classified as either complex or common, with common being defined as treatment for pinkeye, sore throat, viral illness, bronchitis, or cough. Outliers were defined as patients for whom standard costs exceeded the 75(th) percentile during a 6-month period after the index visit. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for differences between groups. The percentage of online visitors who were cost outliers was 21.2 (versus 28.5 in the standard visit group). Median standard costs were

Do Retail Clinics Increase Early Return Visits for Pediatric Patients

161 for online visits and

Provider satisfaction with virtual specialist consultations in a family medicine department.

219 for same-day acute visits. The adjusted odds of being a cost outlier was lower for the online visit group than for the standard visit group (odds ratio [OR] 0.52, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.35-0.77) after adjusting for number of visits in the previous 6 months, age, sex, and case type. Outpatient visits in the previous 6 months were positively related to outlier status (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.17-1.29). Online visits appeared to reduce medical costs for patients during a 6-month period after the visit.

Patient-centredness, self-rated health, and patient empowerment: should providers spend more time communicating with their patients?

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of early return visits for pediatric patients using a retail clinic. Methods: We used medical records of pediatric patients seen in a large group practice in Minnesota in the first 2 months of 2008. A retrospective analysis of electronic patient records was performed on 2 groups of patients: those using the retail clinic (n = 200) and a comparison group using a same-day acute family medicine clinic in a medical office (n = 200). Two measures of early return visits were used as dependent variables: office visits within 2 weeks for any reason and office visits within 2 weeks for the same reason. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for case mix differences between groups. Trained medical records abstractors reviewed electronic medical records to obtain the data. Results: After adjustment for baseline differences in age, acuity, and number of office visits in the previous 6 months, no significant differences in risk of early return visits were found among clinic types. Conclusions: Retail clinic visits were not associated with early return visits.

Impact of open-access scheduling on realized access

Virtual consultations (VCs) are being ordered by primary care physicians in 1 large multispecialty clinic, replacing face-to-face visits with specialists. Virtual consultations involve electronic communication between physicians, including exchanging medical information. The purpose of this study was to assess provider satisfaction with VCs via e-mail survey. Although approximately 30% of the 56 family medicine providers had not tried the VC system after it had been in place for over a year or said that they often forgot that VCs were an option, most of the providers surveyed (73%) felt that VCs provided good medical care. A majority felt that VCs are a cost-effective and efficient tool for our department (65%). Most specialists (81%) reported that VCs were an efficient use of their time, and 67% said that VCs were less disruptive than contacts by telephone or pager. Only 5% felt that VCs do not provide good medical care. Although several of our primary care providers have been enthusiastic about VCs, others have been reluctant to adopt this innovation. Specialists providing VCs tended to be supportive. This illustrates both the difficulty of incorporating e-health innovations in primary care practice and the potential for increased efficiency.

Impact of e-consults on return visits of primary care patients.

OBJECTIVE Patient-centred communication is often employed as a strategy for empowering patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between a direct measure of patient empowerment, feeling that one is in control of ones own health and patient satisfaction with communication. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey of family medicine patients was used to test the theory that, in primary care patients, empowerment is related to satisfaction with several aspects of communication after adjusting for health status, age and gender. Interviews were completed with 680 adult patients for whom complete data were available. RESULTS Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that being highly satisfied with overall communication [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=2.08], explanations (AOR=2.04), listening (AOR=2.63), use of understandable words (AOR=2.41) and involvement in decisions (2.34) were positively associated with empowerment. Self-rated health was more strongly related to empowerment than satisfaction with communication in every model tested (AORs ranged from 2.8 to 3.0). CONCLUSIONS Reliance solely on patient-centred communication to promote empowerment may be insufficient as well as costly. Instead, improved one-to-one communication between patients and providers should be reserved for clinically complex and urgent situations. For other health matters, referral of patients to community health promotion and education programmes should be considered because this may offer a lower-cost approach to empowerment.

Obesity and general pain in patients utilizing family medicine: should pain standards call for referral of obese patients to weight management programs?

Open-access or advanced-access scheduling, which opens the clinic calendar to patients without requiring them to schedule far in advance of the visit, is being introduced in primary care for the purpose of improving access. None of the evaluations reported to date have measured differences in actual visits that might be associated with different scheduling systems. The purpose of this study was to compare utilization of visits to primary care providers for patients served by an open-access clinic with utilization patterns of patients served at clinics not using open-access scheduling. We hypothesized that the odds that a continuing patient received more than one primary care visit would be greater in the clinic where open-access scheduling was in use than in comparison clinics. Our study provides mixed support for the hypotheses. After adjustment for case mix, stable chronic patients treated in open-access clinics may sometimes have greater odds of receiving two or more preventive care visits. However, these effects do not occur in all clinics, suggesting that other clinic characteristics may overcome the effects of open-access scheduling.

Age, obesity, and medical visits in family medicine

Virtual medicine is growing in importance as the cost of medical care rises and the potential for Internet applications expands. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of e-consults (ECs) (also known as virtual specialty consultations) on the frequency of return visits for family medicine patients. Two groups of patients were compared: those for whom an EC was requested (n = 228) and a comparison group for whom face-to-face referrals occurred (n = 500). Two types of early return office visits were used as dependent variables: those within 2 weeks for any reason and those for the same reason. No significant difference was found in rates of early return visits for the same reason. The percent of return visits for any reason within 2 weeks was 38.2% for EC patients and 27.6% for patients receiving face-to-face specialist visits (p < .01). After adjusting for comorbidity, age, sex, and marital status, the odds of an early return visit for any reason after an EC were elevated (odds ratio, 1.88; confidence interval, 1.33-2.66; P < .01). E-consults by referral specialists were associated with increased odds of early return visits for primary care patients with a primary care provider.

A patient-centered decision rule for referral of patients to weight-loss programs.

Background Accredited medical care organizations are expected to assess pain levels in their patients. Appropriate responses to high pain levels have not been specified. Design This study was a retrospective analysis of information abstracted from medical records of 673 adult patients utilizing family medicine. Pain was measured using a scale ranging from 0 to 10. Scores of 7 and above were judged to represent high levels of pain. Multiple logistic regression was used to test the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and general pain, after adjustment for co-morbidity, physical limitations, and demographic characteristics. Results Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that, in comparison with patients with normal body mass, patients with BMI greater than 35 had higher odds of experiencing pain scored 7 or over after adjusting for physical limitations, co-morbidity, age, and gender (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.89, P = .03). Odds ratios also were significant for subjects with any (vs none) physical limitations (AOR = 1.91, P = .01) and for men relative to women (AOR = 0.65, P = .04). co-morbidity, common diagnoses, and moderate BMI scores were not independently related to high pain levels. Conclusions In our sample of patients utilizing family medicine, BMI greater than 35 is a risk factor for elevated pain scores. This relationship appears to be independent of orthopedic consequences of obesity. Referral to weight management programs might be useful as a quality indicator for obese adults reporting high levels of general pain.

Obesity and Medical Visits in Family Medicine: A Retrospective Analysis of Medical Records

The purpose of this study was to assess whether the relationship between obesity and use of medical visits is different for geriatric patients than for other adults. A retrospective analysis was conducted using medical records drawn from a large group practice in Rochester, Minnesota. Adult patients (n = 1715) were sorted into 2 groups (frequent visitors and others). Separate multiple logistic regression models were estimated for geriatric and non-geriatric patients. Patients who were 65 years of age or older with moderate comorbidity had elevated odds of being frequent visitors (odds ratio [OR] = 6.13, confidence interval [CI] = 3.27-11.49), compared to patients with no comorbidity. Body mass index (BMI), gender, and marital status were unrelated to visit frequency in the geriatric group. Younger patients with a BMI >or= 35 kg/m2 had greater odds of being frequent visitors compared to patients with normal body mass, after adjusting for comorbidity, age, marital status, and gender (OR = 1.96, CI = 1.31-2.92). ORs also were significantly greater for subjects with low (OR = 2.13, CI = 1.51-3.01) and moderate comorbidity (OR = 3.32, CI = 2.32-4.76) versus no comorbidity. In our sample of family medicine patients who were referred to specialists, BMI >or= 35 kg/m2 is an independent risk factor for frequent utilization of medical visits among adults who are younger than age 65, but not among geriatric patients. Comorbidity is strongly related to visit frequency among both older and younger adult patients.