Steven M. Nolt

Nonagricultural micro-enterprise development among the Pennsylvania Amish: A new phenomenon

Abstract The economic character of Amish communities shows signs of considerable change. Amish traditionally have depended on farming, and until recently, nonagricultural work was cause for excommunication from the church. The traditional farming base, however, is increasingly unable to provide the jobs and income necessary for the growing population. In response, there has been a rapid growth in nonagricultural micro-enterprises. The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of this phenomenon in the Lancaster Settlement in Pennsylvania, the largest Amish settlement in Pennsylvania, and the earliest and still second largest in North America. The paper analyzes the characteristics of the Amish entrepreneurs, their businesses and markets, with comparisons with the standard entrepreneurial literature. The Amish entrepreneurs are found to be quite similar in many ways to entrepreneurs in general, but differ considerably in other aspects. Also, they often differ from popular perception, especially the newer Amish entrepreneurs. Results indicate that the newer Amish entrepreneurs are more dynamic and outward looking than the previous generation; perhaps more in the mold of nonAmish entrepreneurs. The success of the Amish entrepreneurs holds potential lessons for general rural business development strategies.

Sources of enterprise success in Amish communities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to disseminate the success of enterprise development activities initiated by a voluntary organization working in Kanyakumari District of India. Design/methodology/approach – The paper was prepared in discussion with rural artisans and staff of voluntary organization. Findings – It was found that the indigenous palm candy production gave better livelihood for the Nadar community whose prime occupation is harvesting of palm products. Even though the community was in the lowest ebb of the society, proper enterprise capacity building, value addition to palm product like palm candy, marketing and access to credit have paved way for the development of the community. The institutions promoted by Palmyrah Workers Development Society catered to the enterprise intervention of the community thereby increasing the income level of the families. Even though globalization is a threat for rural artisan products, the concept of green and fair trade is providing avenues for rural enterprise. Research limitations/implications – The study was restricted within a particular community and within a given geographical area. Practical implications – Even though palm candy is having good market at international market, quality control and eco-certification is a problem at field level. Originality/value – The paper illustrates how a backward community has developed enterprise skills and achieved better livelihood options.

Amish enterprise: the collective power of ethnic entrepreneurship

This paper examines how Amish communities build and sustain enterprises that produce and/or sell goods to both ethnic and non-ethnic markets. Based on qualitative research including interviews with 161 Amish entrepreneurs in 23 communities in the USA, the authors develop a transformative model of ethnic community entrepreneurship. The analytical model conceptualises the dynamic interaction between three forces/agents – cultural constraints, cultural resources, entrepreneurs – and shows how they shape the character of small businesses, which, in turn, transform the ethnic community that conceived them. The results demonstrate how culture, community, and ethnic context mediate the nature, size, and function of ethnic enterprises.

Symposium Review of "The Amish" by Donald Kraybill, Karen Johnson-Weiner, and Steven Nolt

The Amish is a 500-some page university press-sized handbook that touches on a variety of topical areas. The book is the culmination of two and a half decades each of Kraybill’s, Johnson-Weiner’s, and Nolt’s work about the Amish. Karen Johnson-Weiner published a series of linguistic studies through the 1990s, and from these spring-board works later explored more fully schools and New York settlements. Donald Kraybill’s first Amish-focused publication was a Durkheimian study of the Amish and suicide in 1986. From then on he has maintained this functionalist orientation in comparative studies of plain Anabaptists and Amish responses to cultural, economic, and political change. Steven Nolt’s work follows two threads: Amish history, of which his A History of the Amish (1992) stands as the premiere testament, and Amish identity, realized most fully in Plain Diversity (2007), co-authored with Thomas Meyers. While Kraybill and Nolt have collaborated on seven publications, this is Johnson-Weiner’s first publication with either.