Sübidey Togan

The economy of Turkey since liberalization

List of Figures - List of Tables - Preface - Acknowledgements - List of Contributors - List of Participants - Introduction S.Togan & V.N.Balasubramanyam - Trade and Industrialization in Turkey: Initial Conditions, Policy and Performance in the 1980s M.Celasun - Trade Liberalization and Competitive Structure in Turkey during the 1980s S.Togan - Trade Reforms and Changes in the Terms of Trade in Turkey D.Greenaway & D.Sapsford - Financial Reform in Turkey Since 1980: Liberalization without Stabilisation P.N.Snowden - Foreign Aid and Adjustment in Turkey O.Morrissey - Foreign Direct Investment in Turkey V.N.Balasubramanyam - Turkey and the European Community: Regional Integration and Economic Convergence R.C.Hine - Export Expansion, Capital Accumulation and Distribution in Turkish Manufacturing: 1980-1989 F.Taskin & A.E.Yeldan - Liberalization, Export Incentives and Exchange Rate Policy: Turkeys Experience in the 1980s O.H.Aktan - Inde x

Price and income effects in Turkish foreign trade

ZusammenfassungPreis- und Einkommenswirkungen im türkischen Außenhandel. - In diesem Aufsatz werden die konventionellen Modelle der aggregierten Import- und Exportnachfrage für die Türkei geschätzt. Zu den betrachteten Fragen gehören das Problem der Gleichzeitigkeit und die Entscheidung zwischen der statischen und der dynamischen Darstellung. Bei der Schätzung der Import- und Exportmodelle werden türkische Daten aus den Jahren von 1960 bis 1983 verwendet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Exportpreiselastizitäten der Nachfrage erheblich größer sind als die, welche andere Forscher früher für die Türkei ermittelt hatten.RésuméEffets de prix et de revenu en commerce extérieur de la Turquie. - Les auteurs estiment les modèles conventionnels de la demande totale importatrice et exportatrice pour la Turquie. Les problèmes considérés incluent l’analyse du problème de simultanéité et le choix entre des formulations statiques et dynamiques. Les modèles de demande importatrice et exportatrice sont estimés en utilisant des données pour la période 1960-1983. Les résultats indiquent que les élasticités de prix de la demande exportatrice sont considérablement plus hautes que celles obtenues récemment par des autres investigateurs pour la Turquie.ResumenEfectos del comercio exterior turco sobre los precios y el ingreso. - En este trabajo se estiman modelos tradicionales de demanda de importaciones y exportaciones agregadas para Turquía. Se tratan los problemas de simultaneidad y de elección entre una especificación estâtica y una dinámica. Los modelos de demanda de importaciones y exportaciones son estimados a partir de datos agregados para el perfodo 1960-1983. Los resultados indican que las elasticidades precio de la demanda de exportaciones son bastante mayores que las que fueron obtenidas para Turquía por otros investigadores.

How to assess the significance of export incentives: An application to turkey

How to Assess the Significance of Export Incentives: An Application to Turkey. - This paper analyzes the changes in the structure of export incentives in Turkey from 1983 to 1990. It shows that during the 1980s the level of the economy-wide subsidy rates and that of the inter-industry dispersion of incentives have substantially been lowered. Using the estimates of the effective subsidy figures it is shown that the Turkish export- and import-competing industries have benefited from the export incen-tives more than the other sectors. Finally, it is emphasized that the system of export incentives is too complicated and is therefore blurring the transparency of the incentive system.ZusammenfassungZur Schätzung der Bedeutung von Exportanreizen. Der Fall Türkei. - Der Autor untersucht die Veränderungen in der Struktur der Exportan-reize in der Türkei von 1983 bis 1990. Er zeigt, daß im Laufe der achtizger Jahre das Niveau der landesweiten Subventionsraten und der interindustriellen Streuung der Subventionen beträchtlich gesenkt worden ist. Unter Verwendung von Schätzungen der effektiven Subvention kommt er zu dem Ergebnis, daß die mit den Exporten und Importen konkurrierenden türkischen Firmen aus den Exportanreizen einen größeren Nutzen gezogen haben als die anderen Sektoren. Schließlich hebt er hervor, daß das System der Exportanreize zu kompliziert ist und dadurch die Transparenz des Anreizsy-stems beeinträchtigt.

The EU-Turkey Customs Union: A Model for Future Euro-Med Integration

This paper studying the 1995 EU-Turkey Customs Union (CU) reveals that the CU has been a major instrument of integration of the Turkish economy into the EU and global markets, offering powerful tools to reform the Turkish economy. Turkish producers of industrial goods are protected by tariffs from external competition to exactly the same extent as EU producers, and they face competition from duty-free imports of industrial goods from world-class pan-European firms. In return, Turkish industrial producers have duty-free market access to the European Economic Area, which was recently extended to certain Mediterranean countries. Trade liberalisation achieved through the CU has thus successfully moved the Turkish economy from a government-controlled regime to a market-based one, and Turkish producers of industrial goods have performed remarkably well. The paper further shows that market access conditions for Turkish producers are determined, in addition to tariffs, by standards, conformity assessment procedures, competition policy, industrial property rights and contingent protectionism measures. The CU also offered Turkey the opportunity to establish new institutions, and modernise and upgrade rules and disciplines required for the elimination of technical barriers to trade, and for the implementation of the EU’s competition, industrial property rights, and contingent protectionism policies.

The gains from international trade in the context of a growing economy

Abstract This paper discusses the effects of trade on long-run equilibrium values of some important economic variables of a small growing economy under alternative assumptions about the saving behavior. Using a two-commodity and two-factor model it is shown that long-run gains from trade depend not only on the saving behavior but also on the comparative advantage of the country at its autarkic steady state.

Turkey: Trade Policy Review, 2007

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the main issues highlighted in the Trade Policy Review: Turkey 2007. The paper studies first the main developments in Turkeys trade regime and trade performance. Next it discusses Turkish trade policy under the headings of measures affecting imports, exports and foreign direct investment. The paper notes that the formation of the 1995 EU-Turkey customs union has contributed to a significant increase in the contestability of domestic markets through infusing predictability, transparency and stability to trade policy as well as by liberalising market access. But free trade in industrial goods between Turkey and the EU could still not be established mainly because of non-tariff barriers and in particular because of the various problems faced in the elimination of technical barriers to trade (TBT). The final section of the paper discusses first the role of standards and conformity assessment in general terms and thereafter evaluates critically the Turkish approach to elimination of TBTs.

Macroeconomic Policies for EU Accession

What macroeconomic requirements must Turkey meet in its quest to accede to the European Union? This book, with its distinguished contributors – well-known economists and policymakers – examines and analyses these macroeconomic challenges confronting Turkey. Although the focus is on the specific situation of Turkey, the lessons are informative for other candidate countries and the findings directly relevant to the process of European integration.

Current account sustainability - The case of Turkey

What macroeconomic requirements must Turkey meet in its quest to accede to the European Union? This book, with its distinguished contributors – well-known economists and policymakers – examines and analyses these macroeconomic challenges confronting Turkey. Although the focus is on the specific situation of Turkey, the lessons are informative for other candidate countries and the findings directly relevant to the process of European integration.

Who benefits from the adjustment process in developing countries? A test on India, Kenya, and Turkey

Abstract This paper employs country-specific multisectoral general equilibrium models of Turkey, Kenya, and India to study the adjustment problems confronting these countries. The effects of liberal and interventionist policies on GDP and on incomes of different classes are analyzed. The results show that liberal policies minimize the GDP losse that both capitalists and farmers are relatively better off under these policies, while industrial persons experience reduced welfare.

Twenty Years of the EU-Turkey Customs Union: A Synthetic Control Method Analysis*

The paper studying the 1995 EU–Turkey Customs Union (CU) delivers a quantitative assessment of trade and GDP per capita effects of the CU on the Turkish economy. Our Synthetic Control Method based analysis reveals, contrary to the results of most studies in the literature, that the CUs effects have been substantial by any standards. In particular, the paper shows that in the absence of the EU–Turkey CU, Turkish exports to the EU and GDP per capita would have been 38 per cent and 13 per cent less, respectively.