Subramaniam Kuppuswamy

Noncovalent synthesis of hierarchical zinc phosphates from a single zn(4)o(12)p(4) double-four-ring building block: dimensionality control through the choice of auxiliary ligands

In contrast to the well-known reaction of phosphonic acids RP(O)(OH)(2) with divalent transition-metal ions that yields layered metal phosphonates [RPO(3)M(H(2)O)](n), the 2,6-diisopropylphenyl ester of phosphoric acid, dippH(2), reacts with zinc acetate in methanol under ambient conditions to afford tetrameric zinc phosphate [(ArO)PO(3)Zn(MeOH)](4) (1). The coordinated methanol in 1 can be readily exchanged by stronger Lewis basic ligands at room temperature. This strategy opens up a new avenue for building double-four-ring (D4R) cubane-based supramolecular assemblies through strong intercubane hydrogen-bonding interactions. Seventeen pyridinic ligands have been used to synthesize as many D4R cubanes [(ArO)PO(3)Zn(L)](4) (2-18) from 1. The ligands have been chosen in such a way that the majority of them contain an additional functional group that could be used for noncovalent synthesis of extended structures. When the ligand does not contain any other hydrogen-bonding donor-acceptor sites (e.g., 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine (collidine)), zero-dimensional D4R cubanes have been obtained. The use of pyridine, lutidine, 2-aminopyridine, and 2,6-diaminopyridine, however, results in the formation of linear or zigzag one-dimensional assemblies of D4R cubanes through strong intermolecular C-H...O or N-H...O interactions. Construction of two-dimensional assemblies of zinc phosphates has been achieved by employing 2-hydroxypyridine or 2-methylimidazole as the exo-cubane ligand on zinc centers. The introduction of an alcohol side chain on the pyridinic ligand in such a way that the -CH(2)OH group cannot participate in intracubane hydrogen bonding (e.g., pyridine-3-methanol, pyridine-4-methanol, and 3,5-dimethylpyrazole-N-ethanol) leads to the facile noncovalent synthesis of three-dimensional framework structures. Apart from being useful as building blocks for noncovalent synthesis of zeolite-like materials, compounds 1-18 can also be thermolyzed at approximately 500 degrees C to yield high-purity zinc pyrophosphate (Zn(2)P(2)O(7)) ceramic material.

Di-, tri-, tetra-, and hexanuclear copper(II) mono-organophosphates: structure and nuclearity dependence on the choice of phosphorus substituents and auxiliary N-donor ligands.

Reactions of 2,6-dimethylphenyl phosphate (dmppH(2)) and 2,6-diisopropylphenyl phosphate (dippH(2)) with copper(II) precursors have been investigated in the presence of auxiliary N-donor ligands, and new structural types of copper phosphates have been isolated. Copper acetate reacts with dmppH(2) in the presence of either 3,5-di-tert-butyl pyrazole (dbpz) or 3,5-dimethyl pyrazole (dmpz), leading to the isolation of tetrameric complex [Cu(dmpp)(dbpz)](4) 1 and hexanuclear cage complex [Cu(6)(PO(4))(dmpp)(3)(OAc)(3)(dmpz)(9)] 2, respectively. Whereas compound 1 is a cubane-shaped cluster whose Cu(4)O(12)P(4) core resembles the double-4-ring (D4R) zeolite SBU, compound 2 is a novel hexanuclear copper complex with an unprecedented structure in metal phosphate chemistry. Use of bulkier dippH(2) in the above reactions, however, yielded metal-free acid-base complexes [(dippH)(dbpz)(dbpzH)] 3 and [(dippH)(dmpz)(dmpzH)] 4, respectively. The reactions carried out between copper acetate and dmppH(2) or dippH(2) in the presence of chelating ligand 1,10-phenanthroline produced structurally similar dimeric copper phosphates [Cu(phen)(dmpp)(CH(3)OH)](2).2CH(3)OH 5 and [Cu(phen)(dipp)(CH(3)OH)](2).2CH(3)OH 6 with a S4R SBU core. Changing the copper source to [Cu(2)(bpy)(2)(OAc)(OH)(H(2)O)].2ClO(4) and carrying out reactions both with dippH(2) and with dmppH(2) result in the formation of trinuclear copper phosphates [Cu(3)(bpy)(3)(dmpp)(2)(CH(3)OH)(3)].2ClO(4).2CH(3)OH 7 and [Cu(3)(bpy)(3)(dipp)(2)(CH(3)OH)(3)].2ClO(4).2CH(3)OH 8. The three copper ions in 7 and 8 are held together by two bridging phosphate ligands to produce a tricyclic derivative whose core resembles the 4=1 SBU of zeolites. Compounds 1-8 have been characterized by elemental analysis and IR, absorption, emission, and EPR spectroscopic techniques. The crystal structures of compounds 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8 have also been established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies.

Metal–Metal Interactions in C3-Symmetric Diiron Imido Complexes Linked by Phosphinoamide Ligands

The tris(phosphinoamide)-bridged Fe(II)Fe(II) diiron complex Fe(μ-(i)PrNPPh2)3Fe(η(2)-(i)PrNPPh2) (1) can be reduced in the absence or presence of PMe3 to generate the mixed-valence Fe(II)Fe(I) complexes Fe(μ-(i)PrNPPh2)3Fe(PPh2NH(i)Pr) (2) or Fe(μ-(i)PrNPPh2)3Fe(PMe3) (3), respectively. Following a typical oxidative group transfer procedure, treatment of 2 or 3 with organic azides generates the mixed-valent Fe(II)Fe(III) imido complexes Fe((i)PrNPPh2)3Fe≡NR (R = (t)Bu (4), Ad (5), 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl (6)). These complexes represent the first examples of first-row bimetallic complexes featuring both metal-ligand multiple bonds and metal-metal bonds. The reduced complexes 2 and 3 and imido complexes 4-6 have been characterized via X-ray crystallography, Mössbauer spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and SQUID magnetometry, and a theoretical description of the bonding within these diiron complexes has been obtained using computational methods. The effect of the metal-metal interaction on the electronic structure and bonding in diiron imido complexes 4-6 is discussed in the context of similar monometallic iron imido complexes.

Water in organoaluminum chemistry! Three-in-one aluminophosphate clusters that incorporate boehmite repeating units.

Mix and match! Slow introduction of water in the reaction between a monoaryl phosphate and an aluminum alkyl or Al 2 Cl 6 leads to the formation of three-in-one clusters, which constitute aluminophosphate and aluminum hydroxide moieties within the same molecules (see graphic, C and H atoms not shown). Impeding the attack of water by kinetically stabilizing the aluminum alkyl leads to the isolation of a dimeric aluminophosphate, which throws mechanistic insights into the formation of larger clusters.

Utilization of phosphinoamide ligands in homobimetallic Fe and Mn complexes: the effect of disparate coordination environments on metal-metal interactions and magnetic and redox properties.

A series of homobimetallic phosphinoamide-bridged diiron and dimanganese complexes in which the two metals maintain different coordination environments have been synthesized. Systematic variation of the steric and electronic properties of the phosphinoamide phosphorus and nitrogen substituents leads to structurally different complexes. Reaction of [(i)PrNKPPh(2)] (1) with MCl(2) (M = Mn, Fe) affords the phosphinoamide-bridged bimetallic complexes [Mn((i)PrNPPh(2))(3)Mn((i)PrNPPh(2))] (3) and [Fe((i)PrNPPh(2))(3)Fe((i)PrNPPh(2))] (4). Complexes 3 and 4 are iso-structural, with one metal center preferentially binding to the three amide ligands in a trigonal planar arrangement while the second metal center is ligated by three phosphine donors. A fourth phosphinoamide ligand caps the tetrahedral coordination sphere of the phosphine-ligated metal center. Mössbauer spectroscopy of complex 4 suggests that the metals in these complexes are best described as Fe(II) centers. In contrast, treatment of MnCl(2) or FeI(2) with [MesNKP(i)Pr(2)] (2) leads to the formation of the halide-bridged species [(THF)Mn(μ-Cl)(MesNP(i)Pr(2))(2)Mn(MesNP(i)Pr(2))] (5) and [(THF)Fe(μ-I)(MesNP(i)Pr(2))(2)FeI (7), respectively. Utilization of FeCl(2) in place of FeI(2), however, leads exclusively to the C(3)-symmetric complex [Fe(MesNP(i)Pr(2))(3)FeCl] (6), structurally similar to 4 but with a halide bound to the phosphine-ligated Fe center. The Mössbauer spectrum of 6 is also consistent with high spin Fe(II) centers. Thus, in the case of the [(i)PrNPPh(2)](-) and [MesNP(i)Pr(2)](-) ligands, zwitterionic complexes with the two metals in disparate coordination environments are preferentially formed. In the case of the more electron-rich ligand [(i)PrNP(i)Pr(2)](-), complexes with a 2:1 mixed donor ligand arrangement, in which one of the ligand arms has reversed orientation relative to the previous examples, are formed exclusively when [(i)PrNLiP(i)Pr(2)] (generated in situ) is treated with MCl(2) (M = Mn, Fe): (THF)(3)LiCl[Mn(N(i)PrP(i)Pr(2))(2)(P(i)Pr(2)N(i)Pr)MnCl] (8) and [Fe(N(i)PrP(i)Pr(2))(2)(P(i)Pr(2)N(i)Pr)FeCl] (9). Bimetallic complexes 3-9 have been structurally characterized using X-ray crystallography, revealing Fe-Fe interatomic distances indicative of metal-metal bonding in complexes 6 and 9 (and perhaps 4, to a lesser extent). All of the complexes appear to adopt high spin electron configurations, and magnetic measurements indicate significant antiferromagnetic interactions in Mn(2) complexes 5 and 8 and no discernible magnetic superexchange in Fe(2) complex 4. The redox behavior of complexes 3-9 has also been investigated using cyclic voltammetry, and theoretical investigations (DFT) were performed to gain insight into the metal-metal interactions in these unique asymmetric complexes.

Organic-soluble tri-, tetra-, and pentanuclear titanium(IV) phosphates.

Bulky 2,6-disubstituted aryl esters of phosphoric acid, 2,6-dimethylphenyl phosphate (dmppH 2), and 2,6-diisopropylphenyl phosphate (dippH 2) react differently with Cp*TiCl 3 (Cp* = C 5Me 5) under identical reaction conditions. While dippH 2 and Cp*TiCl 3 react in THF at 25 degrees C to yield air-stable trinuclear titanophosphate cage [(Ti 3Cp*Cl(mu 2 -O)(dipp) 2(dippH) 4(THF)].(toluene) ( 1), the similar reaction involving dmppH 2 yields the tetranuclear titanophosphate [Ti 4Cl 2(mu 2 -O) 2(dmpp) 2(dmppH) 6(THF) 2].(toluene) 2 ( 2). Interestingly, the change of titanium source to Ti(O iPr) 4 in the reaction with dippH 2 produces a pentanuclear titanophosphate, [Ti 5(mu 3-O)(O iPr) 6((dipp) 6(THF)] ( 3). Compounds 1- 3 were the only products isolated as single crystals from the respective reaction mixtures in 59, 75, and 54% yield, respectively. The new clusters 1- 3 have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR and NMR ( (1)H and (31)P) spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The structural elucidation reveals that in the reactions leading to 1 and 2, extensive Cp*-Ti bond cleavage occurs, leaving only one residual Cp*-ligand in cluster 1 and none in 2. Closer analysis of the structures of 1- 3 shows common structural features which in turn imply that the formation of all three products could have proceeded via a common Ti-O-Ti dimeric building block.

Cooperative binding of phosphate anion and a neutral nitrogen donor to alkaline-earth metal ions. Investigation of group 2 metal-organophosphate interaction in the absence and presence of 1,10-phenanthroline

Alkaline-earth metal phosphates containing nitrogen-donor ligands have been prepared by the reaction of alkaline-earth metal acetates M(OAc) 2. xH 2O (M = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) with 2,6-diisopropylphenyl phosphate (dippH 2) in the absence and presence of 1,10-phenanthroline (phen). Interaction of strontium or barium acetate with dippH 2 in methanol at room temperature leads to the isolation of ionic phosphates [{M 2(mu-H 2O) 4(H 2O) 10}{dipp} 2].4L [M = Sr, L = CH 3OH ( 1); M = Ba, L = H 2O ( 2)]. The addition of a bidentate nitrogen-donor phen to these reactions leads to the isolation of dinuclear metal phosphates [Mg(dipp)(phen)(CH 3OH) 2] 2 ( 3) and [M(dippH) 2(phen) 2(H 2O)] 2 [M = Ca ( 4), Sr ( 5), Ba ( 6)]. While ionic phosphates 1 and 2 are soluble in water, the predominately covalent dimeric compounds 3- 6 are insoluble in all common solvents including water. The new compounds have been characterized in the solid state by elemental analysis, IR, UV-vis, and emission spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The cationic part in 1 and 2 is a {M 2(mu-H 2O) 4(H 2O) 10} unit, where each metal ion is surrounded by four bridging and five terminal water molecules as ligands. The dipp anion does not directly bind to the metal ions but is extensively hydrogen-bonded to the cationic unit through the phosphate oxygen and water hydrogen atoms to result in an infinitely layered structure where the hydrophobic aryl group protrudes out of the hydrophilic layer formed by the cationic part and -PO 3 (2-) units. In contrast, compounds 3- 6 are discrete dimeric molecules built around a central M 2O 4P 2 eight-membered ring. While the dippH 2 ligand exists in a doubly deprotonated form in 3, two monodeprotonated dippH 2 ligands are present per metal ion in compounds 4- 6. While 3 prefers only one phen ligand in the metal coordination sphere, two phen ligands chelate each metal ion in 4- 6. The conformations of the eight-membered rings in 3- 6 vary significantly from each other depending on the size of the cation and the coordination number around the metal. Further, intermolecular hydrogen bonding involving the phenanthroline C-H linkages result, in a gridlike structure in 1, one-dimensional chains in isostructural 2 and 3, and a two-dimensional layer arrangement in 4. Compounds 3- 6 are the only examples of alkaline-earth metal phosphate complexes with neutral M-N donor bonds. The thermal behavior of compounds 1- 6 has been examined with the help of thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry and also by bulk thermolysis followed by powder X-ray diffraction measurements. While compounds 1 and 2 yield M 2P 2O 7, decomposition of 4- 6 results in the formation of M(PO 3) 2, consistent with the M-P ratio in the precursor complexes.

Ab Initio Chemical Synthesis of Designer Metal Phosphate Frameworks at Ambient Conditions

Stepwise hierarchical and rational synthesis of porous zinc phosphate frameworks by predictable and directed assembly of easily isolable tetrameric zinc phosphate [Zn(dipp)(solv)]4 (dippH2 = diisopropylphenyldihydrogen phosphate; solv = CH3OH or dimethyl sulfoxide) with D4R (double-4-ring) topology has been achieved. The preformed and highly robust D4R secondary building unit can be coordinatively interconnected through a varied choice of bipyridine-based ditopic spacers L1-L7 to isolate eight functional zinc phosphate frameworks, [Zn4(dipp)4(L1)1.5(DMSO)]·4H2O (2), [Zn4(dipp)4(L2)1.5(CH3OH)] (3), [Zn4(dipp)4(L1)2] (4), [Zn4(dipp)4(L3)2] (5), [Zn4(dipp)4(L4)2] (6), [Zn4(dipp)4(L5)2] (7), [Zn4(dipp)4(L6)2] (8), and [Zn4(dipp)4(L7)2] (9), in good yield. The preparative procedures are simple and do not require high pressure or temperature. Surface area measurements of these framework solids show that the guest accessibility of the frameworks can be tuned by suitable modification of bipyridine spacers.

Discrete and polymeric cobalt organophosphates: isolation of a 3-D cobalt phosphate framework exhibiting selective CO2 capture

Structurally diverse mononuclear, dinuclear, and tetranuclear cobalt organophosphates and a three-dimensional framework based on a D4R cobalt phosphate are reported. The role of auxiliary ligands in determining the nuclearity of the phosphate clusters has further been established. Reaction of cobalt acetate tetrahydrate with 2,6-di-iso-propylphenylphosphate (dippH2) in methanol or DMSO in the presence of ancillary N-donor ligands leads to the formation of mononuclear octahedral cobalt phosphate [Co(dippH)2(py)4] (1), dinuclear octahedral cobalt phosphates [Co(dipp)(NN)(MeOH)2]2·2MeOH (NN = bpy 2; phen 3), tetrahedral cobalt phosphates [Co(dipp)(L)2]2·2(MeOH) (L = imz 4; dmpz 5) and symmetric and asymmetric tetranuclear tetrahedral cobalt phosphates [Co(dipp)(2-apy)]4 (6) and [Co4(dipp)4(2-apy)3(DMSO)]·(DMSO)·(H2O) (7), in nearly quantitative yields. The use of a linear N-donor ditopic linker, 3,6-di(pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (dptz), as the ancillary ligand leads to the formation of a robust three dimensional, four-fold interpenetrated network based on the D4R platform, {[Co(dipp)(dptz)0.5]4}n (8), under ambient conditions. The new compounds have been characterized by analytical, thermo-analytical and spectroscopic techniques. Further, the molecular structures of compounds 1-8 have been established using single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Compound 1 is a mononuclear complex in which the dippH ligands occupy trans-positions around the octahedral cobalt ion. The core structure of compounds 2-5, a Co2P2O4 ring, resembles the S4R (single-4-ring) SBU of zeolites, whereas the Co4P4O12 inorganic core found in compounds 6 and 7 resembles the D4R (double-4-ring) SBU. Cobalt organophosphate framework 8 shows significant CO2 adsorption at 273 K (7.73 wt% at 1 bar and 18.21 wt% at 15.5 bar) with high selectivity to CO2 uptake over N2 and H2 at 273 K. Magnetic studies of these symmetric complexes indicate the presence of weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the metal ions via the phosphate bridging moiety.

Vanadium–iron complexes featuring metal–metal multiple bonds

A series of V/Fe heterobimetallic complexes supported by phosphinoamide ligands, [Ph2PNiPr]−, is described. The V(III) metalloligand precursor [V(iPrNPPh2)3] can be treated with Fe(II) halide salts under reducing conditions to afford [V(iPrNPPh2)3FeX] (X = Br (2), I (3)). These complexes feature multiple bonds between Fe and V, leading to an intermetallic distance of ∼2.07 A. Exploration of the one-electron reduction of complex 3 allows isolation of [V(iPrNPPh2)3Fe(PMe3)] (5), which also features metal–metal multiple bonding and a nearly identical Fe–V distance. Mossbauer spectroscopy of complexes 2 and 5 suggest that the most reasonable oxidation state assignments for these complexes are VIIIFeI and VIIIFe0, respectively, and that reduction occurs solely at the Fe center in these bimetallic complexes. A theoretical investigation confirms this description of the electronic structure, providing a description of the metal–metal bonding manifolds as (σ)2(π)4(Fenb)3 and (σ)2(π)4(Fenb)4 for complexes 3 and 5, consistent with a metal–metal bond order of three. One electron-oxidation of complex 3 results in halide abstraction from PF6−, forming FV(iPrNPPh2)3FeI (6). Complex 6 has a much weaker V–Fe interaction as a result of axial fluoride ligation at the V center.