Sudarmanto Budi Nugroho

Evaluating the Effects of a New Vehicle Emission Standard on Urban Air Quality in Jakarta City

This paper describes an initial analysis to evaluate the effects of a new vehicle emission standard “Decree of The State Minister of Environment of Republic Indonesia No 141 Year 2003” on the ambient air quality in Jakarta City. The decree is enacted to reduce emission loads from mobile sources. This new emission standard will be applied step by step: to new type/new model that launched in 2005 from January 2005, to four-stroke motor cycle (current model that still produced since several years before) from July 2006 and to all models from January 2007. Current and future emission loads are estimated with respect to major roads in the center of Jakarta city. It is found that in the long term, implementation of the new vehicle emission standard will significantly reduce emission loads from gasoline-type vehicles. However, the new standard seems not effective to diesel-type vehicles.

Paratransit-Adaptive Transportation Policies for Transition to Sustainability in Developing Countries

Paratransit in developing countries is currently an essential travel mode that provides jobs for low-income earners, but current paratransit systems are neither socially nor environmentally sustainable. This study emphasizes the importance of paratransit-adaptive transportation policies for transition to sustainability. The case studies reveal unique policy directions for the redesign of paratransit systems in developing countries according to travelers’ behavior, drivers’ job choice, and quality of life. It is concluded that simply eliminating paratransit services from transportation systems in developing countries may resolve the environmental issues that they cause but will surely result in more serious social issues, such as unemployment among paratransit drivers and mobility difficulties for the transportation poor. In particular, it is argued that international agencies and other donors should assist endogenous development among recipients based not only on easily applied but old-fashioned and less scientific methods but also especially on modern scientific methods adapted to local contexts.

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Surface Ozone in Urban Area: A Multilevel and Structural Equation Model Approach

Concentration of atmospheric gases involved in forming ozone and nitrogen oxides changes rapidly with wind speed and direction, ambient air temperature, humidity and solar radiation. Chemical reactions of ozone production and destruction progresses take place at the same time. Ozone concentrations are affected mainly by photochemical reactions, transport and diffusion process. The photochemical reactions are related to meteorological factors such as solar radiation, temperature and concentration of pollutants. In general, ozone is closely related to the pollutants like nitrogen oxides according to photochemical oxide interaction in local environment. The relationship between precursor pollutants and ozone, thus differ from one place to another due to the emission distribution and meteorology. It is critical to understand the variability of ozone concentration across location and time. This study especially deals with the unobserved heterogeneity, which refers to phenomenon that actual concentration measured at monitoring station changes across individual measurement. To quantitatively assess the properties of unobserved heterogeneity at various situations, we focus on various components, which correspond to the degree of variation caused by unobserved heterogeneity within monitoring station and also among locations by using monitoring data. A multilevel model is used to capture temporal variations and spatial heterogeneity caused by land-use characteristics surrounding monitoring stations and its impact on surface ozone. The model analyzes (a) daily event when peak concentration of ozone occurred, (b) daily average concentration of ozone and (c) possibility of phenomena of ozone weekend effect in Jakarta city represented by systematically day-today variation of event of peak ozone and daily average concentration of ozone.

Comparison Analysis of Idle Emissions Measurement Program in Jabodetabek, Indonesia

This paper describes an initial analysis of vehicle inspections and maintenance program for private cars in Jakarta and surrounding cities namely JABODETABEK, as regulated in the 2005 bylaw. The 2005 bylaw on air pollution control, which took effect on February 2006, stipulated that all private car owners must get their vehicles’ emission tested twice a year based on in-use vehicle emission standard. We apply bivariate probit model for the likelihood of CO and HC emission violations given a set of vehicle characteristics. Data of passenger car emission measured randomly during on-road emission measurements at Jakarta city and surrounding cities Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi in 1999, 2000, 2004 and 2005. The engine size, fuel system, vehicle maintenance quality and passenger car travelled kilometer per year play a significant role in determining the probability of emission test failure. Vehicle kilometer travelled per year is different based on the vehicle-type and its usage. To analyze household vehicle-type ownership in Jakarta city, we use person trip data in 2002 and apply Multinomial Logit Model. Household income, family sizes are play significant in determining vehicle-type owned by households. Vehicle type Jeep and SUV are less to use by the households compare to Sedan or passenger car. In order to pass CO emission test, empirical study confirm that a combination of lower use of high fuel consumption car is better than higher use of low fuel consumption car.