Sudhansu Sekhar Panda

Drilling of bone: A comprehensive review

BACKGROUND Bone fracture treatment usually involves restoring of the fractured parts to their initial position and immobilizing them until the healing takes place. Drilling of bone is common to produce hole for screw insertion to fix the fractured parts for immobilization. Orthopaedic drilling during surgical process causes increase in the bone temperature and forces which can cause osteonecrosis reducing the stability and strength of the fixation. METHODS A comprehensive review of all the relevant investigations carried on bone drilling is conducted. The experimental method used, results obtained and the conclusions made by the various researchers are described and compared. RESULT Review suggests that the further improvement in the area of bone drilling is possible. The systematic review identified several consequential factors (drilling parameters and drill specifications) affecting bone drilling on which there no general agreement among investigators or are not adequately evaluated. These factors are highlighted and use of more advanced methods of drilling is accentuated. The use of more precise experimental set up which resembles the actual situation and the development of automated bone drilling system to minimize human error is addressed. CONCLUSION In this review, an attempt has been made to systematically organize the research investigations conducted on bone drilling. Methods of treatment of bone fracture, studies on the determination of the threshold for thermal osteonecrosis, studies on the parameters influencing bone drilling and methods of the temperature measurement used are reviewed and the future work for the further improvement of bone drilling process is highlighted.

Optimization of bone drilling using Taguchi methodology coupled with fuzzy based desirability function approach

Bone drilling is frequently done during Orthopaedic surgery to produce hole for screw insertion to fix and immobilize the fractured bones. Minimally invasive drilling of bone has a great demand as it helps in better fixation and quick healing of the broken bones. In the present investigation, Taguchi methodology coupled with the fuzzy logic based on desirability function is used for the optimization of bone drilling process to minimize the drilling induced damage of bone. Experiments have been performed with different conditions of feed rate and spindle speed using full factorial design. The responses considered are temperature, force and surface roughness. The multiple responses are aggregated into a single multi-performance index using fuzzy based desirability function which is then optimized using the Taguchi method. The optimal setting and the influence of the bone drilling process parameters on the multi-performance index is determined using response table, response graph and analysis of variance. The confirmation experiment carried out to validate the results reveals that the present approach can effectively minimize the bone tissue damage during drilling.

An evolutionary framework in modelling of multi-output characteristics of the bone drilling process

For the improvement of economic and environmental performance of bone drilling operations, the optimum value of the spindle speed and feed rate must be known. This is because the input spindle speed is an important factor of energy consumption and with its approximate value known in optimization of output characteristics of bone drilling operations may result in significant energy savings. Optimization of multi-output characteristics of the bone drilling process is possible, if the relationships between the outputs and the inputs are known. Therefore, this study forms the strong basis for development of the models for the three output characteristics (maximum temperature, maximum force and maximum average surface roughness) for the bone drilling operation performed on the bovine bone. Experimental studies are conducted to measure these three outputs based on the spindle speed and feed rate. The validation of the formulated models is done based on the root-mean-square error, coefficient of determination, relative error, multi-objective error and mean absolute percentage error. The relationships between the three outputs and the inputs are further revealed by the 2-D analysis on the models. The findings from these relationships can be used for the predictive monitoring the bone drilling operation. The work concludes with discussion of environmental implications arising from the current study.

Evaluation of delamination in drilling of bone

In this paper, delamination of bone associated with drilling is investigated using design of experiments. Experiments have been planned based on L25 design of the orthogonal arrays with different conditions of drill bit, spindle speed and feed rate. Regression analysis is used to develop a mathematical model of delamination as a function of bone drilling process parameters. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is carried out to find the significance of the developed model along with the percentage contribution of each factor on delamination. Optimum setting of bone drilling parameters for minimum delamination is determined using Taguchi optimization methodology. Finally, the results obtained are validated by conducting confirmation experiments.

A feasibility investigation for modeling and optimization of temperature in bone drilling using fuzzy logic and Taguchi optimization methodology.

Drilling of bone is a common procedure in orthopedic surgery to produce hole for screw insertion to fixate the fracture devices and implants. The increase in temperature during such a procedure increases the chances of thermal invasion of bone which can cause thermal osteonecrosis resulting in the increase of healing time or reduction in the stability and strength of the fixation. Therefore, drilling of bone with minimum temperature is a major challenge for orthopedic fracture treatment. This investigation discusses the use of fuzzy logic and Taguchi methodology for predicting and minimizing the temperature produced during bone drilling. The drilling experiments have been conducted on bovine bone using Taguchi’s L25 experimental design. A fuzzy model is developed for predicting the temperature during orthopedic drilling as a function of the drilling process parameters (point angle, helix angle, feed rate and cutting speed). Optimum bone drilling process parameters for minimizing the temperature are determined using Taguchi method. The effect of individual cutting parameters on the temperature produced is evaluated using analysis of variance. The fuzzy model using triangular and trapezoidal membership predicts the temperature within a maximum error of ±7%. Taguchi analysis of the obtained results determined the optimal drilling conditions for minimizing the temperature as A3B5C1.The developed system will simplify the tedious task of modeling and determination of the optimal process parameters to minimize the bone drilling temperature. It will reduce the risk of thermal osteonecrosis and can be very effective for the online condition monitoring of the process.

Genetic Algorithm Based Prediction of an Optimum Parametric Combination for Minimum Thrust Force in Bone Drilling

Drilling operation on bone for screw insertion to fix the broken bones or for the fixation of implants during orthopaedic surgery is highly sensitive. It demands for minimum drilling damage of bone for proper fixation and quick recovery postoperatively. The aim of the present study is to find out an optimum combination of bone drilling parameters (feed rate and spindle speed) for minimum thrust force during bone drilling using genetic algorithm (GA). Central composite design is employed to carry out the bone drilling experiments and based on the experimental results, a response surface model was developed. This model is used as a fitness function for genetic algorithm (GA). The investigation showed that the GA technique can efficaciously estimate the optimal setting of bone drilling parameters for minimum thrust force value. The suggested approach can be very useful for orthopaedic surgeons to perform minimally invasive drilling of bone.

Modeling of Temperature in Orthopaedic Drilling Using Fuzzy Logic

Bone drilling is a common procedure to produce hole for screw insertion to fixate the fracture devices and implants during orthopaedic surgery. A major problem which is encountered during such a procedure is the increase in temperature of the bone due to the plastic deformation of chips and the friction between the bone and drill. This increase in temperature can result in thermal osteonecrosis which may delay healing or reduce the stability and strength of the fixation. In the present work, prediction of temperature in drilling of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) (as a substitute for bone) is carried out using fuzzy logic. The effectiveness of the fuzzy model is compared with the experimental results. Good agreement is observed between the predictive model values and experimental values which indicates that that the developed model can be effectively used to determine the temperature in the bone drilling.

Sedimentation Load Analysis Using ANN and GA

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model is used to predict the suspended sediment load for the survey data collected on daily basis in the river Mahanadi. Genetic algorithm has been used to find the optimal level of process parameters such as water discharge and temperature for a minimum sedimentation load condition. Optimal level of process parameters obtained from the GA has been used in a trained neural network to obtain the sedimentation load condition. A comparative analysis is then made between GA and ANN for achieving minimum sedimentation load with the given process parameters.

Prediction of an Optimum Parametric Combination for Minimum Thrust Force in Bone Drilling: A Simulated Annealing Approach

Minimally invasive drilling of bone has a great demand in orthopaedic surgical process as it helps in better fixation and quick healing of the damaged bones. The aim of the present study is to find out the optimal setting of the bone drilling parameters (spindle speed and feed rate) for minimum thrust force during bone drilling using simulated annealing (SA). The bone drilling experiments were carried out by central composite design scheme and based on the results obtained, a response surface model for thrust force as a function of drilling parameters is developed. This model is used as an objective function in the SA approach. The results of the confirmation experiments showed that the SA can effectively predict the optimal settings of spindle speed and feed rate for minimum thrust force during bone drilling. The suggested methodology can be very useful for orthopaedic surgeons to minimize the drilling induced bone tissue injury.

Finite Element Analysis of V-Shape Incremental Equal Channel Angular Pressing

Materials processed by severe plastic deformation (SPD) achieve ultrafine grain (UFG), thus making them suitable for advanced engineering applications. Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is one of the most popular techniques of SPD process which imposed ultra-large plastic strain on bulk material to produce a UFG metal. These techniques extrude the materials through a specially designed die channel without significantly changing in die geometry. In an ECAP process, with increase in the number of pass, more grain refinement is possible, but it is rarely used due to practical difficulties in implementation. In order to overcome such difficulties, the ECAP channel with more number of turns is used to enhance the grain refinement of long billet in a single pass. Two-turn ECAP die is one of them to double the amount of plastic strain in a single pass with following route C rotation while process repetition is still open for more grain refinement. This paper describes new incremental ECAP channel (three-turn) of SPD process and followed by route A rotation. In order to find the processes parameter as well as die geometry of V-shape ECAP channel, an FEA simulation of S-shape ECAP channel with validation has been carried out, and process kinematics are established.