Sudhir K. Routray

Green initiatives in 5G

The proposed fifth generation of mobile communications (5G) has several advanced features. The data rates and throughputs are much larger than 4G. In addition to these high performances, 5G will incorporate device-to-device communication in a very high density heterogeneous mobile environment. Normal battery fed hand-held devices and sensors are thus expected to be replaced by energy harvesting mechanisms. Overall, the success of 5G substantially depends on the energy efficiency of the whole system. In this article, we present the energy saving initiatives of 5G which are thought to be quite instrumental in its overall success.

Analysis of Statistical Pattern in Multi-hop Cellular Networks

Statistical models of communication networks are important to understand the network dynamics and characteristics. In the early stage of network planning, they play key roles in the network resource estimation. Network statistics plays pivotal role in the network performance analysis. In this work, we analyze the statistical pattern of link lengths of multi-hop cellular networks. For this work, we use the real multi-hop wireless communication network (i.e., cellular network) topologies. The link lengths were measured for various multi-hop wireless networks. The measured data were analyzed statistically, and we find appropriate patterns for them.

4.5G: A milestone along the road to 5G

Since 1980s, in every decade, a new generation of mobile communication appears with new features and characteristics. The performance indicators in every such new system are better than the previous. In between the two full consecutive generations, there exist incremental hybrid systems which is normally better than their predecessors. It has been observed in 1990s as 2.5G (also several other versions commonly known as 2.xG) which was better than 2G; and in 2000s as 3.xG versions which were incremental upgradations over 3G. In case of 4G too, such incremental upgradations has been observed. Recently proposed 4.5G cellular communication system is better than 4G in several aspects. 4.5G is the outcome of the LTE evolution whose legacy is LTE Advanced (commonly known as 4G). It is now considered as a version closer to 5G in terms of performance metrics. In this article, we present the features and characteristics of 4.5G cellular communication system and discuss its proximity with 5G.

Ant Colony based Dynamic source routing for VANET

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) being an important application of communication and networking. Routing in VANET is difficult because it has a very dynamic behavior i.e. high mobility and different network topologies. Many topologies are developed for VANET, where they exhibit high beginning to end delay; throughput, delay jitter and also have low routing energy and load. In our paper, we use some parameters like movement of the vehicle, vehicular density; velocity and also considering its fading conditions to create a hybrid by implementing the Ant Colony Technique on reactive path finding protocol Dynamic source routing and improve the performance of it. The combined algorithm is expected to deliver a highly efficient system with better beginning to end delay and better packet delivery ratio.

Narrowband IoT for healthcare

The Internet of Things (IoT) is going to have its presence in all the essential sectors of human lives. It has the ability to provide both mainstream as well as the value added services in almost all the sectors. Healthcare is an important service sector for overall development. It has far reaching implications in the quality of living. In the modern world where the quality of living has been degraded significantly IoT can certainly play a constructive role in providing better services. In healthcare, there are several occasions such as patient health monitoring, remote observation and emergency proceedings outside the hospital where sensors can play essential roles. The coordinated sensor networks can provide even better services. IoT has the ability to provide all these coordinated services. Narrowband IoT (NBIoT) is an economical and simpler version of IoT which can handle these tasks effectively. Due to the widespread requirement of healthcare, NBIoT is a preferred solution as it needs fewer amounts of resources. In this article, we provide the main issues and difficulties of NBIoT in healthcare.

Routing in dynamically changing node location scenarios: A reinforcement learning approach

Routing in dynamically changing node location scenarios is quite challenging and time consuming. The emerging wireless communication networks such as LTE advanced and 5G, device-to-device communications present such dynamically changing node locations. In mobile ad hoc networks, very often we come across such dynamically changing node location scenarios. In the Internet of things (IoTs), we will come across many such cases where the main communicating node locations will change very much dynamically. These dynamically changing node locations bring a lot of complexities in the traffic management in the networks. In this work, we present a routing scheme based on reinforcement learning algorithm that is able to provide near optimal results under the high traffic conditions, and compare it with the shortest path algorithm in terms of the average delivery time.

Green initiatives in IoT

Internet of things (IoT) is going to be ubiquitous in the next few years. In the smart city initiative, millions of sensors will be deployed for the implementation of IoT related services. Even in the normal cellular architecture, IoT will be deployed as a value added service for several new applications. Such massive deployment of IoT sensors and devices would certainly cost a large sum of money. In addition to the cost of deployment, the running costs or the operational expenditure of the IoT networks will incur huge power bills and spectrum license charges. As IoT is going to be a pervasive technology, its sustainability and environmental effects too are important. Energy efficiency and overall resource optimization would make it the long term technology of the future. Therefore, green IoT is essential for the operators and the long term sustainability of IoT itself. In this article we consider the green initiatives being worked out for IoT. We also show that narrowband IoT as the greener version right now.

Latching on to Keck's law: Maintaining the high speed trends in optical communication

Keck s law successfully predicted the trends for the data rates in optical fibers for four decades. However, in the recent years, it is found that maintaining that trend is very difficult. In this paper, we present and discuss different prospects of the current data rate trends in optical fibers. We analyze Kecks law and its success during the last 40 years. In the later part, we also present its prospects for the future. We show different solutions in sight to stay tuned with Kecks law.

Software defined networking for 5G

5G networks will have several advanced features. Starting from the physical layer to all the way to the upper layers, there will be several new technologies and techniques. 5G will have gigantic data rates and many different data formats. In addition the devices and platforms for 5G will be very diverse and heterogeneous. There will be massive carrier aggregation and dynamic bandwidth provisioning. Optical integration with the wireless at both the fronthaul and backhaul looks eminent. Elastic optical networking will be used at the core to optimize the resource allocations. Massive MIMO and digital beam-forming techniques too need a lot of computing in 5G. All these applications and services cannot be handled without distributed software management which can be controlled from a few centralized locations in the network. Overall, the network and its elements have to be software defined in order to provide agile and flexible services. In this article, we show the needs and ways for software defined networking in 5G.

Issues and challenges in healthcare narrowband IoT

Current prospects of Internet of Things (IoT) is very strong for healthcare sector. It is also very popular due to its ability for sensing and measurements. In the low energy form, we have narrowband IoT (NBIoT). It is preferred in healthcare sector due to its low energy requirements. There are several proposals for the implementation of NBIoT in the healthcare sector. NBIoT has been standardized and it has perfect compatibility with cellular platforms such as LTE. Therefore in the recent times, NBIoT is a good choice for healthcare related applications. However, the security measures and other system related challenges are the biggest threats for NBIoT. If these issues and challenges are handled properly it can be one of the most suitable and popular choices for the low power wide area implementations of healthcare. In this article, we present these main issues and challenges found in the NBIoT regime right now. We also present some potential solutions to handle these problems.