Sue Eckstein

Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects

Adopted by the 18th WMA General Assembly, Helsinki, Finland, June 1964 and amended by the 29th WMA General Assembly, Tokyo, Japan, October 1975 35th WMA General Assembly, Venice, Italy, October 1983 41st WMA General Assembly, Hong Kong, September 1989 48th WMA General Assembly, Somerset West, Republic of South Africa, October 1996 and the 52nd WMA General Assembly, Edinburgh, Scotland, October 2000

Statement of ethical practice

Ethical issues arise as an everyday part of participatory work with vulnerable groups, especially when the resulting images are used publicly. PhotoVoice sees a range of issues arising repeatedly across different projects. If these issues are not given due consideration, prior to as well as during a project, there is the potential for the project to do more harm than good. The purpose of this document is to:

1991 international guidelines for ethical review of epidemiological studies

Epidemiology has greatly improved the human condition in the present century. It has clarified our understanding of many physical, biological and behavioural dangers to health. Some of the knowledge obtained has been applied to the control of environmental and biological threats to health, such as diseases due to drinking polluted water. Other epidemiological knowledge has become part of popular culture, leading to changed values and behaviour, and thus has led to improved health: examples include attitudes towards personal hygiene, tobacco smoking, diet and exercise in relation to heart disease, and the use of seatbelts to reduce the risk of traffic injury and death.