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Coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters in type 2 diabetic patients with and without diabetic vascular complications.

Objectives: To investigate the markers of endogenous coagulation/fibrinolysis and vascular endothelial cell function, and to assess the relationships between hemostatic parameters and diabetic vascular complications in type 2 diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: Coagulation and fibrinolysis parameters were measured in 92 type 2 diabetic patients (43 male, 49 female, mean age 50.1 ± 13.4 years) with (n = 44) and without (n = 48) vascular diabetic complications, and in 40 nondiabetic healthy subjects (20 male, 20 female, mean age 49.8 ± 15.1 years). Common lipid parameters were also measured. Results: The plasma levels of fibrinogen, antithrombin III (AT III), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), von Willebrand factor (vWF) activity and prothrombin time were found to be significantly increased in the type 2 diabetic patients compared with the healthy subjects. Glycosylated hemoglobin lc was inversely correlated with plasma protein S and activated prothrombin time. Protein C and S activities were positively correlated with plasma vWF activity, and were negatively correlated with plasma t-PA levels. vWF activity was negatively correlated with plasma t-PA levels. AT III levels were positively correlated with plasma total cholesterol levels, plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, plasma triglycerides and D-dimer levels. Plasma PAI-1 levels and factor V activity in diabetic patients with microvascular complications were significantly higher than those of the diabetic patients without microvascular complications. The plasma PAI-1 and platelet count were increased in patients with diabetic retinopathy compared with the diabetic patients without retinopathy. Plasma PAI-1 levels and factor VII activity were significantly higher in the diabetic patients with nephropathy than in diabetic patients without nephropathy. Plasma concentrations of fibrinogen and PAI-1 were significantly higher in the diabetic patients with neuropathy than the diabetic patients without neuropathy. Conclusions: The data demonstrated that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had a hypercoagulable state and hypofibrinolysis, thereby indicating that activation of coagulation with a reduced fibrinolytic activity may contribute to the increased risk of vascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients.

Relation between paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and left ventricular diastolic function in patients with acute myocardial infarction

The relation between left ventricular filling pattern and the occurrence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was evaluated using Doppler echocardiography in a prospective series of 157 patients with acute myocardial infarction. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction was often associated with a higher restrictive filling pattern.

Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary artery disease complexity in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a pilot study.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We assessed the association between NAFLD and SYNTAX Score (SS) in patients with ACS. Eighty consecutive patients with ACS were enrolled. Patients were evaluated using ultrasound to detect NAFLD and hepatosteatosis stage. The prevalence of NAFLD was 81.2%; median SS was 15. The SS was significantly higher in patients with NAFLD (18 ± 8 vs. 11 ± 5, P = .001). Univariate analysis showed that the stage of NAFLD correlated with SS (r = .6, P < .001). In multivariate binary logistic analysis, increased age (odds ratio [OR], 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI],1.00-1.10) and presence of NAFLD (OR, 13.20; 95% CI, 2.52-69.15) were independent factors associated with supramedian SS. In conclusion, among patients with ACS, those with NAFLD have more complex CAD as assessed by SS.

Aortic pulse wave velocity in subjects with aortic valve sclerosis.

Background: Aortic stiffness is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events and mortality. The measurement of pulse‐wave velocity (PWV) is the most simple, noninvasive, and robust method to determine aortic stiffness. Whether aortic stiffness contributes to aortic valve sclerosis (AVS) remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between PWV and AVS in subjects free of clinically evident atherosclerotic disease. Methods: We enrolled 62 patients (48 men; age 65 ± 8 years) diagnosed with AVS and an additional 62 age‐, hypertension‐, diabetes mellitus‐, and history of smoking‐matched subjects without AVS. Applanation tonometry was applied to assess the augmentation index and aortic PWV. The subjects with symptomatic vascular disease were excluded from the study. AVS was defined by echocardiography as thickening and calcification of the normal trileaflet aortic valve without obstruction to the left ventricular outflow. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the aortic PWV and augmentation index (11.7±3.3 vs 11.8±3.7, P=0.85; 28.0±9.4 vs 25.0±8.6, P=0. 17, respectively). The presence of AVS was significantly correlated with ejection fraction (r=0.211, P=0.011), male gender (r=0.362, P=0.0001), and age (r=0.200, P=0.026). Conclusions: The lack of an association between the aortic PWV and AVS suggests that AVS is a complex phenomenon consisting of several distinct processes, related to both atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic processes.

Earlobe crease may provide predictive information on asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease in patients clinically free of atherosclerotic vascular disease.

The diagonal earlobe crease (ELC) has been regarded as a simple marker of atherosclerosis. There is no knowledge concerning the relation of ELC to the presence, extent, and severity of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Patients (n = 253) without known atherosclerotic vascular disease and symptoms were enrolled consecutively. Ankle brachial index (ABI) was measured. Patients with ELC had lower ABI compared to those with no ELC (1.02 ± 0.12 vs 1.11 ± 0.08, P < .001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated ELC (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.3-21.9; P: .001) and age (95% CI: 0.87-0.99; P = .02) as independent determinants of abnormal ABI. There was incremental increased frequency of ELC from normal ABI to significant PAD. We have shown for the first time a significant and independent association between presence of ELC and increased prevalence, extent, and severity of PAD in patients without overt atherosclerotic vascular disease.

Idiopathic chronic pericarditis associated with ocular hypertension: probably an unknown combination

Pericardial effusion may be secondary to various or idiopathic pericarditis. Although it can be treated pathologic conditions. Although therapy of this disoreasily, in some conditions, pericardial effusion may der belongs to etiology, it is usually treated easily. be resistant to therapy, or recurrences may be seen However, it may sometimes resist therapy, and rarely after treatment [4,5]. recurrences may be seen. In this article, we present On the other hand, ocular hypertension and/or three women in a family (a mother and her two glaucoma may be related to pericardial effusion. The daughters) who have chronic pericardial effusion higher pressure in the right heart chambers may give (treatment resistant and of unknown etiology) associrise to the higher pressure in superior vena cava and ated with ocular hypertension. According to our as well as episcleral veins. Therefore, ocular hyknowledge, a combination of these entities has never pertension may be seen. In some cases glaucoma can been published before. develop [6–8]. Nevertheless, there is no overt clinical The pericardium consists of two layers: a serous finding about this in the current literature. visceral layer, which is intimately adherent to the In this article, we present a mother and her two heart and epicardial fat, and a fibrous parietal layer. daughters who had concomitantly both ocular hyThe pericardium does play a role in normal pertension and pericarditis; presented associated with cardiovascular function, however, it can be involved chronic, recurrent, treatment resistant, idiopathic, and in a number of important diseases [1–3]. probably familial. We have not found any example of Viral, bacterial, tuberculosis and acquired immune cases such as these in the literature. deficiency syndrome may cause a pericardial effuThis report involves a woman (43 years), her sister sion. On the other hand; surgery, trauma, radiation (47 years), and their mother (66 years) who have therapy, connective tissue disorders (rheumatoid arthchronic pericardial effusion (Fig. 1). ritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive sysThe patient was admitted to our hospital due to temic sclerosis, etc.), myocardial infarction, maligfatigue and dyspnoea. She (the presented case) and nancy, uremia, drug related cases, and hypothroidism her sister, and their mother had idiopathic recurrent may be an etiologic factor. But, sometimes the chronic pericardial effusion. Her physical examinaetiology is not clearly known and it is called primary tion gave us no specifically abnormal finding. Chest X-ray revealed minimal enlargement of the cardiac silhouette. 2-D echocardiographic examination *Corresponding author. Tel.: 190-462-325-3011x5379; fax: 190-462showed large pericardial effusion (15–18 mm) all 325-0518. E-mail address: ercevdet@gul.net.tr (C. Erdol). around the heart, but no diastolic collapse in the right

Osteoprotegerin Is Associated With Subclinical Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in Diabetic Hypertensive Patients: A Speckle Tracking Study

BACKGROUND Recently, the role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the pathogenesis of heart failure through different mechanisms has received much attention. Subclinical changes in left ventricular (LV) function can be identified using quantification of myocardial strain, and global longitudinal strain (GLS) is a superior predictor of outcomes than ejection fraction. We hypothesized that increased OPG levels could predict subclinical LV systolic dysfunction in treated diabetic hypertensive patients with preserved LV ejection fraction. METHODS The study was composed of 86 diabetic hypertensive and 30 nondiabetic hypertensive patients. All patients underwent echocardiography and venous blood samples were taken for determination of OPG. The relation between OPG levels and LV GLS was investigated using 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. RESULTS Diabetic hypertensive patients had higher diastolic peak early/early diastolic tissue velocity and lower systolic tissue velocity, GLS, GLS rate systolic, and GLS rate early diastolic than nondiabetic hypertensive patients (P = 0.009, P = 0.049, P < 0.001, P = 0.004, and P < 0.001, respectively). Diabetic hypertensive patients were divided into 2 groups according to median GLS value (> 18.5 and ≤ 18.5). The patients with GLS ≤ 18.5 had higher diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg; P = 0.048), OPG (pmol/L; P < 0.001), and hemoglobin A1c (%; P = 0.042) values than those with GLS > 18.5. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, OPG was found to be an independent predictor of impaired GLS (P = 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that OPG values of > 6.45 (pmol/L) identified the patients with GLS ≤ 18.5. CONCLUSIONS Plasma OPG values could predict subclinical LV systolic dysfunction in diabetic hypertensive patients.

Is Coronary Artery Disease Complexity Valuable in the Prediction of Contrast Induced Nephropathy Besides Mehran Risk Score, in Patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated with Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention?

BACKGROUND The association of coronary artery disease complexity with contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is inadequately evaluated and to our knowledge the association between SYNTAX score (SS) and Mehran score (MS) have not been studied. The aim of the present study is to clarify the incidence of CIN and to identify demographic, clinical and procedural variables associated with CIN in patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) due to acute STEMI, besides the association between MS and SS with CIN. METHODS We analysed the clinical data of 402 patients (309 male, 93 female, mean age 63.8 ± 12.65 year) with 179 (44.5%) anterior MI, 104 (25.9%) inferior MI, 119 (29.6%) inferior MI with right ventricular involvement who underwent PPCI. RESULTS We found that CIN was observed in 32.6% of patients. The SS (OR=1.037, %95CI=1.012-1.062, p=0.003), MS (OR=1.072, %95CI=1.025-1.121, p=0.003), HDL (OR=0.974, %95CI=0.949-0.999, p=0.044) were the independent predictors of CIN. The cut off value to show CIN for SS was 31.5 (sensitivity=79.4%, specificity=88.6%) and MS was 12.5 (sensitivity=73.3%, specificity=88.9%) in ROC curve analysis. CONCLUSION In conclusion, besides MS, SS may be a valuable marker to identify patients at high risk for CIN in patients undergoing primary percutaneous intervention.

Relationship between fragmented QRS complex and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in kidney transplant patients

Background Kidney transplant is a most important replacement therapy. It reduces cardiovascular mortality and morbidity but does not fully correct impairments in cardiac function. Fragmented QRS (fQRS) complex includes various RSR′ patterns with different QRS complex morphologies on electrocardiograms. Objective To analyze fQRS frequency and the relationship between fQRS and left ventricular function in kidney transplant patients. Method After demographic data on 39 kidney transplant patients were recorded and biochemical parameters were investigated, electrocardiograms were evaluated for the presence of fQRS. Left ventricular ejection fraction, mitral annular plane systolic excursion, peak early diastolic mitral annular velocities, late diastolic mitral annular velocities, and systolic mitral annular velocity were analyzed. Results Fragmented QRS was detected in 16 patients. A history of hypertension was associated with the presence of fQRS. Patients with fQRS had significantly lower systolic and peak early diastolic mitral annular velocities, mitral annular plane systolic excursion, and left ventricular ejection fraction than did patients without fQRS (P = .03, .01, < .001, and .03, respectively). Conclusion Detection of fQRS on electrocardiograms may be useful in predicting systolic and diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle in kidney transplant patients.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio may be a marker of peripheral artery disease complexity

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between peripheral artery disease (PAD) severity and complexity, as evaluated by TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus-II (TASC-II) classification, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (N/L) ratio. Methods: A total of 407 patients underwent peripheral angiography due to signs and symptoms of PAD; of these, 64 patients were excluded and the remaining 343 patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Patients with previous peripheral revascularizations, acute coronary syndrome, vasculitis, non-atherosclerotic stenosis, and malignancy were excluded. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to TASC-II classification, and clinical and laboratory data were compared. The chi-square test, Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis test, Spearman’s correlation analysis, multiple logistic regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results: Lymphocyte count was weakly correlated (r=–0.169, p=0.002) whereas neutrophil count and N/L ratio were moderately correlated with the TASC score (r=0.432, p<0.001 and r=0.470, p<0.001, respectively). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [odds ratio (OR)=1.010, 95% confidence interval (CI) 95%=1.003–1.017, p=0.004], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR=0.940, 95% CI=0.894–0.987, p=0.013), and N/L ratio (OR=1.914, 95% CI=1.515–2.418, p<0.001) were the independent factors for predicting a higher TASC class in multiple logistic regression analysis. The cut-off value of the N/L ratio for predicting TASC C&D class was >3.05 (sensitivity=75.0%, specificity=62.9%, area under the curve=0.678, 95% CI=0.688–0.784, p<0.001) in ROC curve analysis. Conclusion: The N/L ratio, a marker of inflammation, may be an important predictor of PAD complexity. Therefore, a simple blood count test may provide an important clue about the severity of PAD and risk stratification in patients presenting with intermittent claudication. Additional studies are required to confirm our findings.