Suminar Setiati Achmadi

Catechin-3-O-rhamnoside chain extender units in polymeric procyanidins from mangrove bark

Abstract Acid-catalysed cleavage of ‘purified’ condensed tannin isolates from Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (tancang) bark in the presence of phloroglucinol as a capture nucleophile gave, in addition to the expected procyanidin- and prodelphinidin-phloroglucinol adducts, 3- O -α- l -rhamnopyranosyl-(+)-catechin-(4α→2)-phloroglucinol, thus providing evidence for covalently bonded glycoside moieties in the chain extender units of mangrove bark tannins.

Mangrove forest resources in Indonesia.

Abstract Mangrove forests are widely distributed throughout the tropics where they grow abundantly along the coasts. The estimated total area of mangrove forests in Indonesia is 4.25 million ha, which represents about 20% of the worlds mangroves. Of this, 2.94 million ha are stretched along the coastal line of Irian Java and are still relatively virgin and unexploited. The remaining 1.31 million ha are found in the more populated areas of Indonesia, such as Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan where the mangrove forests have been heavily exploited for forest products, agricultural land use, human settlements, and aquaculture development. The mangrove is a unique and complex ecosystem. This paper examines the human effects on the diverse utilization of this rich but fragile resource, summarizes the problems of managing the Indonesian mangrove forests, and discusses protection and management techniques.

Utilization of Tannins in Indonesia

Tannins have been used in Indonesia for a long time, mainly for tanning leather, coloring batik and other traditional cloths, and preserving fishnets. In recent years, the forest industry in Indonesia has shown an interest in the possibility of incorporating tannins with phenol formaldehyde adhesive for the manufacture of wood composites such as plywood and particleboard. However, efforts to increase utilization of tannins have been largely empirical. Basic research is now being conducted to isolate and characterize the tannin extracts from plants, especially those from mangrove bark, for their potential commercial use in a wide variety of specialty chemical applications.

SINTESIS PATI JAGUNG TERFOSFORILASI MELALUI TEKNIK GELOMBANG MIKRO

SINTESIS PATI JAGUNG TERFOSFORILASI MELALUI TEKNIK GELOMBANG MIKRO [Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Phosphorylated Corn Starch ] Atep Dian Supardan*, Suminar Setiati Achmadi dan Tun Tedja Irawadi Departemen Kimia, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor Diterima 28 Maret 2013 / Disetujui 24 Februari 2014 ABSTRACT Phosphorylated starch is a type of modified starches which is most ly imported. Commonly, starch to be modified must contain more than 25% of amylose. This study aimed to synthesize phosphorylated starch and evaluate its potency as a heavy metal adsorbent. Corn starch was subjected to phosphorylation through microwave-assisted reaction with a mixture of sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate and disodium hydrogen phosphate. The experiment was designed to optimize the pH, microwave radiation power, and phosphorylation time. The results showed that the maximum phosphate subtitution degree was obtained at pH of 6, microwave radiation of 500 W, and a reaction time of 10 minutes. The degree of subtitution ranged from 0.567 to 0.787. The physicochemical properties of the product i.e. swelling capacity, solubility, water binding capacity, and paste clarity were significantl y different than that of the unmodified corn starch. The infrared spectrum showed a high peak absorption at the wavelength of 1651 cm -1 , indicating hydrogen bond formation of phosphoric group-water- phosphoric group. In the fingerprint area, there were two new absorption peaks at 12 00 and 99 0 cm -1 , which were assigned for the P = O and C-O-P vibrations, respectively. The phosphorylated corn starch adsorbed methylene blue up to 73.3% and mercury up to 73.6%, suggesting the prospect of the microwave - assisted synthetic phosphorylated corn starch as an effective adsorbent for heavy metals.

SINTESIS PATI JAGUNG TERFOSFORILASI MELALUI TEKNIK GELOMBANG MIKRO (Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Phosphorylated Corn Starch)

SINTESIS PATI JAGUNG TERFOSFORILASI MELALUI TEKNIK GELOMBANG MIKRO [Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Phosphorylated Corn Starch ] Atep Dian Supardan*, Suminar Setiati Achmadi dan Tun Tedja Irawadi Departemen Kimia, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor Diterima 28 Maret 2013 / Disetujui 24 Februari 2014 ABSTRACT Phosphorylated starch is a type of modified starches which is most ly imported. Commonly, starch to be modified must contain more than 25% of amylose. This study aimed to synthesize phosphorylated starch and evaluate its potency as a heavy metal adsorbent. Corn starch was subjected to phosphorylation through microwave-assisted reaction with a mixture of sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate and disodium hydrogen phosphate. The experiment was designed to optimize the pH, microwave radiation power, and phosphorylation time. The results showed that the maximum phosphate subtitution degree was obtained at pH of 6, microwave radiation of 500 W, and a reaction time of 10 minutes. The degree of subtitution ranged from 0.567 to 0.787. The physicochemical properties of the product i.e. swelling capacity, solubility, water binding capacity, and paste clarity were significantl y different than that of the unmodified corn starch. The infrared spectrum showed a high peak absorption at the wavelength of 1651 cm -1 , indicating hydrogen bond formation of phosphoric group-water- phosphoric group. In the fingerprint area, there were two new absorption peaks at 12 00 and 99 0 cm -1 , which were assigned for the P = O and C-O-P vibrations, respectively. The phosphorylated corn starch adsorbed methylene blue up to 73.3% and mercury up to 73.6%, suggesting the prospect of the microwave - assisted synthetic phosphorylated corn starch as an effective adsorbent for heavy metals.

Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation of Several Bradyrhizobium japonicum Strains

The possibility of horizontal gene transfer of plant genomic DNA and bacteria in the soil, particularly as this relates to the possible transfer of genes encoding antibiotic resistance, has been seen as hazard associated with genetically engineered plants. It is hypothesized that introduction of bacterial genes into the plant genome leads to a higher probability of gene transfer from plants to bacteria due to the presence of homologous sequences. Bollgard (BG) cotton was constructed through the introduction of cry1A(c) gene, encodes for insecticidal activity againts Lepidopteran pests, together with genes for spectinomycin/streptomycin resistant (aad) and kanamycin resistant (nptII), into the genome of a conventional cotton variety, Delta Pine (DP). The aim of this study were to evaluate the ability of naturally competent Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain ADP1 to take up and integrate transgenic plant DNA based on homologous recombination under optimized laboratory condition, and to compare phyllosphere microbial population resistant to antibiotic on leaves of transgenic and nontransgenic plant. The results showed that transformation of ADP1 cells with Bollgard DNA was not detected on nitrocellulose membrane nor in sterile soil. Total phyllosphere bacterial population on leaves collected from one month after planting were 1.3 x 108 and 1.6 x 108 cfu/g leave fresh weight for BG and DP, respectively. Samples collected after three month contained 5.9 x 107 and 7.1 x 107 cfu/g leave fresh weight for BG and DP, respectively. This study also showed that there was no significant difference of phyllosphere bacterial population resistant to streptomycin and kanamycin on leaves of BG or DP samples collected from one or three month after planting.Diploid species of peanut (Arachis cardenasii) showed no symptoms of PStV infection when mechanically inoculated with PStV. Some introgression lines derived from A. cardenasii and A. hypogaea hybridization have been introduced to Indonesia. Evaluation of their adaptability and yield potential were necessary before pursuing further utilization of these introgression lines. The objectives of this research were to determine yield potential of the introgression lines of peanut in green house and field conditions and to evaluate incidence of PStV infection in the field. Peanut plants were grown in the green house and in the field according to standard procedures for raising peanut. Results of the experiments showed that growth and developmental characters of the tested lines were similar between field and green house grown plants. The introgression lines generally exhibited higher secondary branches and longer to flower and harvest as compared to peanut cv. Gajah and Kelinci. The NC-CS30 line was identfied as having higher yield and bigger seed size as compared to standard peanut cultivars (Gajah and Kelinci). Therefore, NC-CS30 germplasm may be further developed as commercial peanut cultivar or be used as donor for peanut breeding in Indonesia.

Bioakumulasi Logam Berat oleh Beberapa Galur Bradyrhizobium japonicum

Heavy metal utilization in industry and agriculture have caused an environmental problem to existing life. Bioaccumulation is made up by a concentration of certain chemical compounds in living tissues. The objective of this research was to reveal the ability of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of heavy metal Bradyrhizobium japonicum tolerant strains in accumulating heavy metals. The strains used were BDG 10, KDR 10, and KDR 15. The ability of each strains on heavy metal accumulation of Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd were quantitatively determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The result showed that each strains has its own capacity to accumulate heavy metals. Accumulation of Cu (0.100), Pb (0.320), and Cd (0.048) ppm/mg dry weight by KDR 10 seem higher than BDG 10 and KDR 15. The highest accumulation of Zn and Ni was shown by KDR 15 in which the value were 0.360 and 0.165 ppm/mg dry weight, respectively and the least accumulation of all heavy metal studied was shown by BDG 10.