Sun-Kee Hong

Forest responses to the large-scale east coast fires in Korea

The east coast forest fires of April 2000 were Korea’s largest recorded fires. This, along with the fact that they took place in the region most frequently affected by fire, attracted a great deal of attention. Due to the variations in wind, topography and pre-fire forest stands, a heterogeneous landscape mosaic of burn severity was created across the region. It turned out to be an excellent opportunity to study various landscape-scale impacts of fires on forest dynamics. Therefore, we investigated stands in the 23 794 ha of burned forest region, in terms of burn severity, vegetation regeneration and forested landscape change as a measure of community stability. Using the geographic information system technique, we analyzed the differential severity and post-fire recovery of pre-fire forest types of different stand age both at stand and species level. Analysis showed that pre-fire vegetation was composed of mainly pine (Pinus densiflora) stands that occupied 70% of the whole forested area, while pine-hardwood and hardwood stands occupied only 28% and 3%, respectively. In addition, two-thirds of all stands were less than 30-years-old. Pine stands were the most severely burned, while conversely pine-hardwood and hardwood stands were less vulnerable. This implied that pine forests had fire-prone characteristics. Vegetation recovery went the opposite way; that is, the regenerating vegetation cover was 71% at pre-fire hardwood stands, and 65% and 53% at pine-hardwood and pine stands, respectively. However, these recovery rates were strikingly fast, considering that investigation took place about 3 months after the fires. Fire did not initiate successional processes, but tended to accelerate the predicted successional changes by releasing pre-fire understory species that survived the fires and regenerated by sprouting. The dominant pre-fire tree species (P. densiflora) was susceptible to fire and not resilient enough to reestablish in competition with oak species. Contrary to pines, the abilities of oak species, mainly Quercus mongolica and Q. variabilis, to survive fires and to resprout vigorously made them dominant at most post-fire stands. These shifts in species abundance caused drastic changes to the landscape: from pine-dominated to oak-dominated stands without any notable change in species composition. The patterns in forest regeneration that we observed in Korea may be representative of forest responses to any long-term repeated disturbances, including fire.

Ecotope mapping for landscape ecological assessment of habitat and ecosystem

An ecotope (spatial eco-space) map that considers topography and bio-organism-relevant variables emerges as an important basic framework when landscape-scale characteristics for ecosystem management and wildlife conservation are needed. A spatio-geoecological framework based on geographic information systems (GIS) and a vegetation survey were developed for wildlife habitat evaluation of national parks and applied to a representative rugged valley area of Mt. Sorak National Park in Korea. An ecotope map was classified into hundreds of types and dozens of groups by combining biological and geophysical variables. Variables included: forest vegetation type, topographic solar radiation, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), elevation, and anthropogenic factors, such as, streams and roads. Layers of GIS variables were produced by field surveys, modeling, satellite images, or digitalization. Vegetation surveys were carried out to identify finer-scale distribution of vegetation types in the rugged valley area. Digital forest vegetation maps from the Forestry Administrator were then modified using the field-surveyed vegetation maps. Topographic solar radiation was predicted with a daily topographic radiation model. The NDVI was calculated from the satellite imagery of a Landsat Thematic Mapper. A digital elevation model (DEM) was used and the other layers were digitized using topographical maps with a scale of 1:25 000. The aim of this study is to determine the geoecological factors relating to the spatial pattern of plant community. It was cleared by the spatial pattern of environmental variables and vegetation characteristics by detrended correspondence analysis using plant species and the environmental variables of each plot. The ordination component value of the first axis shows significant regression to some environmental variables. A case study of habitat evaluation was carried out using the resultant ecotope map. The spatial distribution of potential goral habitat and vegetation characteristics were predicted and the impact of human trails on the neighboring vegetation was also examined for restoration planning. The GIS-based framework developed for wildlife habitat evaluation is useful for natural resource management and human activity control in national parks in Korea.

Cultural Landscape and Ecotourism in Bali Island, Indonesia

I nstiu eof l adC r,Mkp N U v y J m534-729KABSTRACT: This paper describes the role of ethnoecology in supporting tourism. We conducted a case study on the island of Bali (Indonesia), the famous tourism destination. We review the culture, nature and ecotourism prospects of Bali and then extend our discussion to examine the role of indigenous philosophies in building the destination’s image. Bali has a rich culture and natural resources that have been utilized and managed through an indigenous philosophy called Tri Hita Karana. Ethnoecology is widely applied and appreciated in the society and has produced Balinese cultural landscapes that have become significant tourism attractions. There has been a recent increase in tourist desire to explore genuine Balinese culture, so ethnoecology has a significant role in the quest to preserve and conserve such indigenous cultural landscapes. Ethnoecology is a key to ensuring and sustaining the images and authenticity of Bali Island. In this paper, we considered the landscape of rice paddies as a cultural landscape and resource for tourism. The structure and function of paddy terrace landscapes is based on the ethnoecology of Tri Hita Karana; therefore, in order to understand nature and ecotourism in Bali Island, knowledge of indigenous philosophy is indispensable. Cultural landscapes that link human and natural systems are not only places of natural beauty but also provide background information about the history of human adaptations to nature. Key words: Authenticity, Bali Island, Cultural ecology, Ecotourism, Ethnoecology, Sustainable development

Challenges for conserving biodiversity and developing sustainable island tourism in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

Recent conditions in North Sulawesi Province (NSP) have become favorable for the development of tourism. In this paper, we present the recent status of biodiversity and tourism in NSP as a basic consideration towards integrative biodiversity conservation strategy. Overall, biological accounts suggest that NSP is important for the world biodiversity conservation program. NSP`s biodiversity makes the area a major nature-based tourism (ecotourism) site in the world. Development of diverse tourism programs in NSP has provided new opportunities for balancing development and conservation of regional ecosystems. However, the excessive tourism growth in some particular areas in NSP has been identified as the primary factor of environmental degradation. Nowadays, biodiversity of North Sulawesi regions are suffering from the number of tourist impacts and facilities. Based on those conditions, tourism planning and development in NSP is needed to formulate a proper strategy to protect the ecosystem and biodiversity from degradation and extinction. This will be a new challenge of sustainable island tourism development and biodiversity conservation in NSP.

Management plan for UNESCO Shinan Dadohae Biosphere Reserve (SDBR), Republic of Korea: integrative perspective on ecosystem and human resources

Department of International Culture Communication, Krasnoyarsk Pedagogical University, RussiaThe archipelago in the southwest sea, Korea, was registered as Shinan Dadohae Biosphere Reserve by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Man and the Biosphere (UNESCO MAB) on May 26, 2009. This study was conducted to determine a method of reconciling natural and anthropogenic processes and to enable sustainable development in the vicinity of the Shinan Dadohae Biosphere Reserve (SDBR). To accomplish this, the characteristics of SDBR with respect to biodiversity and cultural diversity were evaluated. In addition, a management plan regarding the wise use of the SDBR was developed while focusing on four parts: cultural support to induce motivation for native con-servation and development; development and specification of fisheries and cultivation based on local community sys-tems; restructuring of marine food products and resource transporting systems; activation and discovery of indigenous knowledge to enable networking between local residents, academia and the UNESCO-international society. Keywords: biodiversity, island culture, Shinan Dadohae Biosphere Reserve, sun-dried salt, sustainable development, tidal flat, UNESCO

Effect of C incorporation on relaxation of SiGe/Si

Thin fully strained Si1−xGex/Si1−x−yGexCy/Si1−xGex heterostructures (x=0.2), with controlled C incorporation sites, were grown on Si substrates using ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition. Following the growth, layers were relaxed using rapid thermal annealing at 1000 °C for 30 s, and high degrees of relaxation of 65% and 59% were achieved with and without interstitial C, respectively. We show that the difference in cross hatch density and step height between two samples, which correspond to different misfit dislocation pileup behaviors, suggests controllability of SiGe relaxation via variation in C incorporation sites in the SiGeC layer.

Application of Landscape Ecology to Ecological Restoration

To date, restoration ecology has focused on local areas, particularly small-scale ecosystems. As such, restoration ecology has been applied to areas with clear boundaries, such as roads, abandoned mines, wetlands, and forest ecosystems. However, those involved in these restoration efforts, due to their tendency to implement comprehensive plans to change the landscape structure, and their mismanagement of the restoration process, have more often than not wound up weakening the ecological functions of surrounding ecosystems, and in further degrading the ecosystem which they were trying to restore. To resolve these problems and restore a comparatively large-scale region, methods to assess the impact of such restoration efforts on surrounding ecosystems must be developed. These include expanding the scale of restoration efforts; in other words, moving from the local to the landscape scale. As a conclusion, practice of ecological restoration is increasingly moving towards landscape scale in order to deal with these problems.

Anti-stokes luminescence in a coupled system: A natural consequence of quantum oscillation

Abstract Strong anti-Stokes (AS) luminescence from the narrow well (NW) is observed in GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs asymmetric double quantum wells when the wide well (WW) is photoexcited. The normalized efficiency of this AS luminescence decreases slightly with temperature and excitation intensity. Furthermore, the normalized efficiency is of the same order of magnitude with the Stokes transfer rate from the NW to the WW. From these results, we propose quantum oscillation of electron and hole wave functions as the mechanism for the AS luminescence.

Thick AlxGa1−xAs: An intrinsically percolating barrier owing to its microscopic structural inhomogeneity

A significant charge transfer, which differs from tunneling, over thick AlxGa1−xAs barrier in GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs asymmetric double quantum wells is studied by cw photoluminescence excitation (PLE) and time‐resolved photoluminescence. It is found that 300‐A‐thick Al0.3Ga0.7As barrier is universally ‘‘leaky’’ with transport time of ∼300 ps, while AlAs and AlAs/GaAs digital alloy barriers with same thickness are not. Aided by a model calculation, we suggest that the intrinsic inhomogeneities in the alloy, which recent x‐ray and scanning tunneling microscope studies revealed, may be responsible.

Interdisciplinary Convergence Research Design on Island Biocultural Diversity - Case Study in Wando-gun (County) Island Region, South Korea

The purpose of this research is (1) to study the epistemological meanings of biological diversity and cultural diversity and the connectivity of biocultural diversity and (2) to concretize a plan for making the biocultural diversity, containing the ecological environment and the life culture of the island areas, into knowledge resources. By carrying out onsite Publication Information: Received 12 April 2018, Accepted 16 May 2018, Available online 30 June 2018 DOI: 10.21463/jmic.2018.07.1.02 Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, v7n1 — Hong, et al. 12 2212-6821