Sung Pil Yun

Heterotopic pancreas of the gallbladder associated with segmental adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder

Heterotopic pancreas in the gallbladder is extremely rare and usually incidentally discovered at the pathologic examination followed by cholecystectomy for symptomatic gallbladder disease. Up to the presents, only about 30 cases have been reported. We report the case of a 36-year-old female who presented with symptoms of cholecystitis. The histological analysis followed by cholecystectomy revealed heterotopic pancreas of the cystic duct.

Complication analysis of distal pancreatectomy based on early personal experience

Backgrounds/Aims The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between initial personal experiences with distal pancreatectomy and perioperative risk factors, outcomes, and management of pancreatic fistulas. Methods Between May, 2007 and May, 2010, a total of 28 patients who had undergone elective distal pancreatectomy were evaluated for this study. Perioperative factors and the occurrence of pancreatic fistula were analyzed on the basis of International Study Group of Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF) criteria. Results There were sixteen cases of benign neoplasms and twelve cases of malignant tumors. The remnant pancreas was manually sutured with ligation of the pancreatic duct (n=14), auto-suture stapling along with manual sutures (n=12), or stapling alone (n=2). According to the ISGPF classification, morbidity and mortality associated with pancreatic fistulas was 42.9% (n=12) and 0%, respectively. These pancreatic fistulae were classified as grade A in 8 cases (28.6%), grade B in 3 cases (10.7%), and grade C in one case (3.6%). All patients with pancreatic fistula were treated conservatively. Conclusions Perioperative factors do not affect the risk of pancreatic fistula. Adequate drainage is the most effective method for management of a pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy.

Clinical outcomes of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder

AIM To compare the demographics and survival rates between gallbladder adenocarcinoma (GB-adenocarcinoma) and small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder (GB-NEC-SCC). METHODS From March 2007 to September 2012, patients who underwent resection of tumor stage T2/T3 GB cancer were enrolled for this study. Forty-two patients were included in this study, including 38 diagnosed with GB-adenocarcinoma and four diagnosed with GB-NEC-SCC. In the GB-adenocarcinoma group, a radical operation was performed in 28 patients, and ten patients underwent simple cholecystectomy. In the GB-NEC-SCC group, a radical operation was performed in three patients, and one patient underwent simple cholecystectomy. Comparative analysis of the two groups was performed, including clinicopathologic features and survival rates. RESULTS The median age of the patients was 68 y (range: 35-83 years) and females comprised 26/42 of the patients. GB-adenocarcinoma patients were significantly older than GB-NEC-SCC patients (67.89 ± 11.15 vs 55.75 ± 10.31 years; P = 0.029). The median tumor size in GB-adenocarcinoma patients was 2.56 ± 1.75 cm and 3.98 ± 3.74 cm in GB-NEC-SCC patients; however, there was no significant difference between the two groups. For tumors > 2 cm, T stage (T2 vs T3), lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, lymph node metastasis and lymph node ratio showed no significant differences between the two groups. The overall survival rate of the 42 patients at five years was 77.0%. In the GB-adenocarcinoma group, the overall five-year survival rate was 74.8%, and survival in the GB-NEC-SCC group was 100%, which was not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION The strategy for treating patients with GB-NEC-SCC should be similar to that used for treating GB-adenocarcinoma, including radical cholecystectomy and liver resection.

Does the pancreatic volume reduction rate using serial computed tomographic volumetry predict new onset diabetes after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Abstract Volume reduction of the pancreatic tissues following a pancreatectomy can lead to the deterioration of glucose homeostasis. This is defined as pancreatogenic diabetes mellitus (DM). The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of new-onset DM (NODM) and evaluate the risk factors, including the pancreas volume reduction rate in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Sixty-six patients without preoperative DM underwent PD for periampullary tumors between August 2007 and December 2012 and were included in this analysis. These patients underwent follow-up tests and abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan 7 days, 6 months, 12 months, 24 months, and 36 months after the operation. The pancreas volume reduction rate was calculated by CT volumetry. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the postoperative development of DM. After PD, newly diagnosed DM occurred in 16 patients (24.2%). The incidence of DM was highest among patients with carcinomas with an advanced T stage. The pancreatic volume reduction rate after 6 and 12 months in the NODM group was significantly higher than the normal glucose group in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, the pancreatic volume reduction rate 6 months after PD was the only significant predictive factor for the development of NODM (P = 0.002). This study suggests that the pancreatic volume reduction rate 6 months after PD was the only significant predictive factor for the development of NODM. CT volumetry of the pancreas may be useful as a predictor of NODM after PD.

Necrotizing soft tissue infection: analysis of the factors related to mortality in 30 cases of a single institution for 5 years

Purpose Necrotizing soft tissue infection is the infection of the soft tissue with necrotic changes. It is rare, but results in high mortality. We analyzed the characteristics of patients, prognosis, and mortality factors after reviewing 30 cases of a single hospital for 5 years. Methods From January 2009 to December 2013, 30 patients diagnosed with necrotizing fasciitis or Fourniers gangrene in Pusan National University Hospital were enrolled for this study. The following parameters were analyzed retrospectively: demographics, infection site, initial laboratory finding, initial antibiotics, isolated microorganisms, number of surgeries, time to first operation, length of intensive care unit, and total hospital stays. Results The overall mortality rate was 23.3%. Mean body mass index (BMI) of the survival group (24.7 ± 5.0 kg/m2) was significantly higher than the nonsurvival group (22.0 ± 1.4 kg/m2, P = 0.029). When BMI was less than 23 kg/m2, the mortality rate was significantly higher (P = 0.025). Two patients (6.7%) with chronic kidney disease requiring hemodialysis died (P = 0.048). Initial WBC count (>13×103/µL), CRP (>26.5 mg/dL), and platelet (PLT) count (<148×103/µL) were found to have negative impact on the prognosis of necrotizing soft tissue infection. Factors such as potassium level, blood urea nitrogen (>27.6 mg/dL), serum creatinine (>1.2 mg/dL) that reflected kidney function were significant mortality factors. Conclusion Patients with low BMI or abnormal values of WBC count, CRP, and PLT count reflecting the degree of infection or abnormal renal function will need more intensive care.

Prevalence and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in breast cancer patients.

Aims and background We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in breast cancer patients using liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to investigate factors associated with NAFLD. Methods We evaluated 104 patients surgically treated for breast cancer at our hospital between September and November 2013. None of the patients had any other causes of secondary hepatic fat accumulation (such as significant alcohol consumption, use of steatogenic medication or inborn disorders). Hepatic fat accumulation was measured using liver MRI perfomed in all patients before surgical treatment. Results Based on the fat signal percentage from liver MRIs, 19 of 104 breast cancer patients were diagnosed with NAFLD, so the prevalence of NAFLD was 18.3%. In univariate analysis, factors associated with NAFLD were older age, high body mass index, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, elevated aspartate aminotransferase, elevated alanine aminotransferase and elevated triglycerides (TG). In multivariate analysis, factors associated with NAFLD were high body mass index (BMI) (odds ratio [OR] 1.403; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.111-1.771; p = 0.005), type 2 DM (OR 11.872; 95% CI 1.065-132.373; p = 0.044), and an elevated TG level (OR 50.267; 95% CI 4.409-573.030; p = 0.002). Conclusions The prevalence of NAFLD in breast cancer patients was not different from that of the general population. High BMI, type 2 DM and an elevated serum TG level were factors associated with NAFLD.

Do hepatic-sided tumors require more extensive resection than peritoneal-sided tumors in patients with T2 gallbladder cancer? Results of a retrospective multicenter study

Background: Tumor location is a prognostic factor for survival in patients with T2 gallbladder cancer. However, the optimal extent of resection according to tumor location remains unclear. Methods: We reviewed the records of 192 patients with T2 gallbladder cancer who underwent R0 or R1 resection at 6 institutions. Perioperative and oncologic outcomes were compared according to the extent of resection between hepatic‐sided (n = 93) and peritoneal‐sided (n = 99) tumors. Results: After a median follow‐up of 30 months, the 5‐year overall survival (84.9% vs 71.8%, P = .048) and recurrence‐free survival (74.6% vs 62.2%, P = .060) were greater in peritoneal‐sided T2 patients than in hepatic‐sided T2 patients. Among hepatic‐sided T2 patients, the 5‐year overall survival was greater in patients who underwent radical cholecystectomy including lymph node dissection with liver resection than in patients who underwent lymph node dissection without liver resection (80.3% vs 30.0%, P = .032), and the extent of liver resection was not associated with overall survival (P = .526). Lymph node dissection without liver resection was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in hepatic‐sided T2 gallbladder cancer (hazard ratio 5.009, 95% confidence interval 1.512–16.596, P = .008). In peritoneal‐sided T2 patients, the 5‐year overall survival was not significantly different between the lymph node dissection with liver resection and the lymph node dissection without liver resection subgroups (70.5% vs 54.8%, P = .111) and the extent of lymph node dissection was not associated with overall survival (P = .395). Conclusion: In peritoneal‐sided T2 gallbladder cancer, radical cholecystectomy including lymph node dissection without liver resection is a reasonable operative option. Radical cholecystectomy including lymph node dissection with liver resection is suitable for hepatic‐sided T2 gallbladder cancer.

Littoral Cell Angioma of the Spleen With Massive Splenomegaly Treated by Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Splenectomy After Splenic Artery Embolization

Introduction: Littoral cell angioma of the spleen is an extremely rare primary vascular tumor. Case Description: We report a case of littoral cell angioma of the spleen with massive splenomegaly. A 37-year-old man with anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, and splenomegaly was admitted to our hospital. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen showed multiple hypodense nodules in the spleen, and the size of the spleen was 20 29 cm. The preoperative computed tomography diagnosis was littoral cell angioma of the spleen. We successfully performed hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy after splenic artery embolization, and the final diagnosis was littoral cell angioma. Discussion: HALS with SAE during the appropriate time period is feasible and adequate for LCA with massive splenomegaly.