Sungtae Cho

Identifying multiquark hadrons from heavy ion collisions.

Identifying hadronic molecular states and/or hadrons with multiquark components either with or without exotic quantum numbers is a long-standing challenge in hadronic physics. We suggest that studying the production of these hadrons in relativistic heavy ion collisions offers a promising resolution to this problem as yields of exotic hadrons are expected to be strongly affected by their structures. Using the coalescence model for hadron production, we find that, compared to the case of a nonexotic hadron with normal quark numbers, the yield of an exotic hadron is typically an order of magnitude smaller when it is a compact multiquark state and a factor of 2 or more larger when it is a loosely bound hadronic molecule. We further find that some of the newly proposed heavy exotic states could be produced and realistically measured in these experiments.

Studying Exotic Hadrons in Heavy Ion Collisions

We investigate the possibilities of using measurements in present and future experiments on heavy ion collisions to answer some longstanding problems in hadronic physics, namely identifying hadronic molecular states and exotic hadrons with multiquark components. The yields of a selected set of exotic hadron candidates in relativistic heavy ion collisions are discussed in the coalescence model in comparison with the statistical model. We find that the yield of a hadron is typically an order of magnitude smaller when it is a compact multiquark state, compared to that of an excited hadronic state with normal quark numbers. We also find that some loosely bound hadronic molecules are formed more abundantly than the statistical model prediction by a factor of two or more. Moreover, due to the significant numbers of charm and bottom quarks produced at RHIC and even larger numbers expected at LHC, some of the proposed heavy exotic hadrons could be produced with sufficient abundance for detection, making it possible to study these new exotic hadrons in heavy ion collisions.

Exotic hadrons from heavy ion collisions

High energy heavy ion collisions are excellent ways for producing heavy hadrons and composite particles, including the light (anti)nuclei. With upgraded detectors at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), it has become possible to measure hadrons beyond their ground states. Therefore, heavy ion collisions provide a new method for studying exotic hadrons that are either molecular states made of various hadrons or compact system consisting of multiquarks. Because their structures are related to the fundamental properties of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), studying exotic hadrons is currently one of the most active areas of research in hadron physics. Experiments carried out at various accelerator facilities have indicated that some exotic hadrons may have already been produced. The present review is a summary of the current understanding of a selected set of exotic particle candidates that can be potentially measured in heavy ion collisions. It also includes discussions on the production of resonances, exotics and hadronic molecular states in these collisions based on the coalescence model and the statistical model. A more detailed discussion is given on the results from these models, leading to the conclusion that the yield of a hadron that is a compact multiquark state is typically an order of magnitude smaller than if it is an excited hadronic state with normal quark numbers or a loosely bound hadronic molecule. Attention is also given to some of the proposed heavy exotic hadrons that could be produced with sufficient abundance in heavy ion collisions because of the significant numbers of charm and bottom quarks that are produced at RHIC and even larger numbers at LHC, making it possible to study them in these experiments. Further included in the discussion are the general formalism for the coalescence model that involves resonance particles and its implication on the present estimated yield for resonance production. Finally, a review is given on recent studies to constrain the hadron–hadron interaction through correlation measurements in heavy ion collisions and their implications on the interpretation and the possible existence of exotic states in hadronic interactions.

Charmonium Spectroscopy in Strong Magnetic Fields by QCD Sum Rules: S-Wave Ground States

We investigate quarkonium mass spectra in external constant magnetic fields by using QCD sum rules. We first discuss a general framework of QCD sum rules necessary for properly extracting meson spectra from current correlators computed in the presence of strong magnetic fields, that is, a consistent treatment of mixing effects caused in the mesonic degrees of freedom. We then implement operator product expansions for pseudoscalar and vector heavy-quark current correlators by taking into account external constant magnetic fields as operators and obtain mass shifts of the lowest-lying bound states η c and J / ψ in the static limit with their vanishing spatial momenta. Comparing results from QCD sum rules with those from hadronic effective theories, we find that the dominant origin of mass shifts comes from a mixing between η c and J / ψ with a longitudinal spin polarization, accompanied by other subdominant effects such as mixing with higher excited states and continua.

QCD Sum Rules for Magnetically Induced Mixing between ηc and J/ψ

We investigate the properties of charmonia in strong magnetic fields by using QCD sum rules. We show how to implement the mixing effects between η(c) and J/ψ on the basis of field-theoretical approaches, and then show that the sum rules are saturated by the mixing effects with phenomenologically determined parameters. Consequently, we find that the mixing effects are the dominant contribution to the mass shifts of the static charmonia in strong magnetic fields.

Exotic hadrons and hadron–hadron interactions in heavy-ion collisions

Abstract We discuss the exotic hadron structure and hadron–hadron interactions in view of heavy-ion collisions. First, we demonstrate that a hadronic molecule with a large spatial size would be produced more abundantly in the coalescence model compared with the statistical model result. Secondly, we constrain the ΛΛ interaction by using recently measured ΛΛ correlation data. We find that the RHIC–STAR data favor the ΛΛ scattering parameters in the range 1 / a 0 ⩽ − 0.8 fm − 1 and r eff ⩾ 3 fm .

Freeze-out conditions for production of resonances, hadronic molecules, and light nuclei

We investigate the freeze-out conditions of a particle in an expanding system of interacting particles in order to understand the productions of resonances, hadronic molecules and light nuclei in heavy ion collisions. Applying the kinetic freeze-out condition with explicit hydrodynamic calculations for the expanding hadronic phase to the daughter particles of

Hadronic effects on the

K^*

cc\bar{q}\bar{q}

mesons, we find that the larger suppression of the yield ratio of

tetraquark state in relativistic heavy ion collisions

K^*/K