Sunil Nayak

Effect of dietary iodine on production of iodine enriched eggs

Aim: Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of iodine supplementation on iodine content of eggs in laying hens. Materials and Methods: In the experiment, 135 laying hens (White Leghorn) of 55 weeks age were randomly distributed to 5 dietary treatments; each group contained 27 laying hens distributed in three replicates of 9 birds each. Diet T1 was control basal layer diet without iodine enrichment in which iodine content (I2) was as per NRC recommendation. Basal diets were supplemented with calcium iodate (Ca (IO3)2) at 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg in T2, T3, T4 and T5 groups, respectively. The iodine content in the calcium iodate is 65.21%, therefore, the diets T2, T3, T4 and T5 contained 3.25, 6.50, 9.75 and 13.0 ppm iodine, respectively. The laying hens were fed the respective experimental diets ad libitum during the experimental period of 10-week. The iodine content of egg yolk and albumen was analyzed at the end of 5th and 10th week of the experiment. Economics of feeding for the production of iodine enriched egg was calculated at the end of the experiment. Results: Increasing iodine levels in diet of hens from 0.45 to 13.0 ppm significantly increased egg iodine concentration, the highest concentration of egg iodine was observed in the group fed diet supplemented with 13.0 ppm iodine followed by those fed 9.75, 6.50, 3.25 and 0.45 ppm iodine in diet. There was no significant difference in the iodine levels of unboiled versus boiled eggs. Therefore, the consumers are ensured to receive the optimal levels of iodine from boiled iodine-enriched eggs. Among different diets, minimum and significantly lower feeding cost (Rs. per dozen or per kg eggs) was noticed in hens allotted T3 diet (6.50 ppm I2). However, feeding cost of hens receiving 3.25 and 9.25 ppm I2 was statistically (p<0.05) similar to control group (T1). Further, it was noticed that feeding cost (Rs. per dozen or per kg eggs) was significantly increased due to the inclusion of higher level of iodine (13.0 ppm). Conclusion: It was concluded that supplementing iodine at 6.50 ppm in layers diet was economically better for the production of iodine enriched eggs followed by feed iodine supplementation at 3.25 ppm as compared to control and other treatment groups.

Effect of Supplementation of Various Organic Acid Salts on Immune Response in Broilers

The present experiment was designed to study the effect of different organic acid salts, prebiotic, symbiotic and antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) on immune response in broilers. A total of 252-day-old Cobb broilers chicks were randomly assigned to 14 different groups. The group T1 broilers were fed standard broiler diet and T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 were supplemented with 2% sodium acetate, calcium sorbate, calcium propionate, sodium butyrate and sodium lactate, respectively. Groups T7, T8, T9, T10 and T11 were supplemented with 3% salts. Group T12 was having probiotic, T13 symbiotic, whereas T14 AGP. Broilers were vaccinated on 7th and 21st day of age with F1 strain and Lasota strain of Newcastle disease vaccine. Humoral immunity towards Newcastle disease was measured on day 30th and 42nd by the haemagglutination inhibition test. Supplementation of organic acid salts improved the humoral immune response in terms of HI titre when compared with the control, although supplementation was more beneficial and was comparable with symbiotic as well as AGP on 30th day. On 42nd day, symbiotic was comparable with 3% calcium sorbate and revealed the highest antibody response to Newcastle disease vaccine followed by probiotic, 3% sodium butyrate and AGP supplemented groups. Supplementation of organic acids or symbiotic in the diet of broilers can be a better alternate to AGP.

Performance of broiler chicken fed multicarbohydrases supplemented low energy diet

Aim: Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of multicarbohydrases supplementation on performance of broilers fed low energy diet. Materials and Methods: A total of 75 days old chicks were selected and randomly divided into three treatments groups (T1, T2, and T3); each group contained 25 chicks distributed in five replicates of five chicks each. T1 group (positive control) was offered control ration formulated as per Bureau of Indian Standards recommendations. In T2 group (negative control) ration, metabolizable energy (ME) was reduced by 100 kcal/kg diet. T3 group ration was same as that of T2 except that it was supplemented with multicarbohydrases (xylanase at 50 g/ton+mannanase at 50 g/ton+amylase at 40 g/ton). Feed intake and body weight of all experimental birds were recorded weekly. Metabolic trial was conducted for 3 days at the end of experiment to know the retention of nutrients. Results: Significant improvement (p<0.01) was observed in total weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, and performance index in broilers under supplementary group T3 as compared to T1 and T2 groups. Retention of crude protein and ether extract was significantly increased (p<0.05) in T3 group supplemented with multicarbohydrases as compared to other groups. Retention of dry matter, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract was comparable in all the three groups. Significantly highest dressed weight, eviscerated weight, and drawn weight (% of live body weight) were observed in multicarbohydrases supplemented T3 group, however it was comparable in T1 and T2 groups. Conclusion: It was concluded that the supplementation of multicarbohydrases (xylanase at 50 g/ton+mannanase at 50 g/ton+amylase at 40 g/ton) in low energy diet improved overall performance of broilers.

EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF ZINC ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION IN KIDS

Present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of zinc supplementation on growth performance and nutrient utilization in kids. Twenty four goat kids (4-6 month age) were randomly divided into 4 groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4) having 6 kids each. Kids in the group T1 were fed basal diet which contained 29.02 mg Zn/kg DM from ingredients of ration without any additional Zn supplementation. Kids in the T2, T3 and T4 groups were fed the same basal diet with additive 20, 50 and 100 ppm Zn (as ZnSO4) in their diets, respectively. The study was conducted for 90 days. Digestion trial of 7 days was conducted towards the end of experiment to assess the digestibility of the nutrients. Results indicated significantly higher average body weight gain, crude protein (CP) digestibility and better feed efficiency in kids fed diet supplemented with 50.0 mg Zn/kg DM. From the results it was concluded that the Zn supplementation @ 50.0 mg/kg DM in basal diet significantly improved body weight (BW) gain, CP digestibility and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of kids.

Xylanase Supplementation and Performance of Broiler Chicken Fed Low Energy Diet

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of xylanase supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass traits of broilers. Seventy five day old chicks were randomly divided into 3 treatments, each treatment consisted of five replicates with 5 chicks in each replicate. Broilers were fed with standard diet to meet the nutrient requirements. There were 3 dietary treatments. T1 was standard broiler diet (positive control) without enzyme supplementation. T2 was same as T1 except in this diet energy was reduced by 100 kcal ME/kg diet (negative control). T3 was same as T2 except that it was supplemented with enzyme xylanase (@100 g/tonne). Significantly (P<0.05) higher average weight (2553.80±67.47 g), better feed efficiency (0.541±0.006) and performance index (1382.40±54.07) were observed in broilers fed T3 diet. Feed intake was similar in all the treatments. The retention of protein improved (P<0.05) due to supplementation of xylanase enzyme. Supplementation of xylanase in negative control diet increased (P<0.05) the dressed, eviscerated and drawn weight of broilers. Therefore, low energy diet supplemented with xylanase @ 100 g/tonne improved growth, nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics in broilers.

Performance and Nutrient Utilization in Laying Hens Fed Iodine Supplemented Diets

A total of 135 layers of 55 weeks age were randomly distributed into 5 dietary treatments with 3 replicates having 9 birds each. Layers of group T1 (Control) were fed basal diet. Diets of layers in group T2, T3, T4 and T5 were same as T1 except that in these diets iodine was supplemented as calcium iodate in such a way that respective diets contained 3.25, 6.50, 9.75 and 13.0 mgI/kg feed. Total experimental period lasted for ten weeks. Weight gain (g/hen), feed intake (g/hen/day), cumulative feed intake (kg/hen) and hen-day egg production (%) was comparable in groups T1, T2 and T3, however, lower (P<0.05) values were observed in group T5 followed by T4. The FCR was poorer in treatment T5 compared to rest of the groups. Percent retention of DM, CP and EE was comparable in T1, T2 and T3 groups, however, it was lower (P<0.05) in treatment T5 followed by T4. Percent retention of NFE was lower (P<0.05) in treatment T5 as compared to other treatments whereas CF retention was similar in all the groups. It was concluded that performance and nutrient retention in groups fed iodine @ 3.25 and 6.5 mg/kg diet was better which lowered down in the groups given 9.75 and 13.0 mg iodine/kg diet.

Effect of Mentha piperita Dry Leaf Powder on Immune Response in Broilers Fed Ochratoxin

We conducted a study to evaluate the immunomodulatory property of Mentha piperita dry leaf powder in broilers with or without ochratoxin inoculated feed. Day old, 108 broilers were distributed to nine groups in duplicate. Serum was collected on day 15th, 25th and 35th and humoral immunity in broilers towards Newcastle disease was measured using β Haemagglutination Inhibition assay. Significantly lower titre against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) was observed in broilers receiving ochratoxin, on 15th, 25th and 35th day. Broilers receiving 4 g M. piperita dry leaf powder/kg feed showed highest titre followed by broilers receiving 2 g M. piperita dry leaf powder/kg feed, NDV titre (log 10, 4.364). Significantly (P<0.05) improved haemagglutination inhibition titre was observed in group fed with 4 g M. piperita dry leaf powder/kg feed along with ochratoxin in comparison to broilers fed only ochratoxin.

Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Immune Response in Goats

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of supplemental zinc (Zn) immune response in growing goats. Twenty-four healthy goat kids were randomly divided into four groups of six kids each. Kids were fed basal ration consisted of concentrate feed mixture and green berseem to meet the nutrient requirements of goats (NRC, 1981). Kids in the group one were fed basal diet which contains 33.02 mg/kg dry mater (DM) zinc from ingredient of ration without any Zn supplement in their minerals mixture. Kids in the two, three and four groups were fed the same basal diet of group one with additive 20, 50 and 100 ppm Zn (as ZnSO4) in their diets, respectively. Amounts of 50 and 100 mg Zn/kg DM have significantly higher humoral immune response at all the three intervals. Skin-fold thickness was significantly higher at 24-h post-inoculation indicating improved cellular immunity with 50 and 100 mg Zn/kg DM. The results showed that a diet containing 83.02 mg Zn/kg DM was adequate to support better cellular and humoral immune response in growing goats.

Effect of Replacing Maize with Paddy on Carcass Traits and Cost of Production in Finishing Pigs: Effect of Feeding Paddy to Pigs

Thirty weaned crossbred (Large White York Shire × Desi) piglets were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5), each consisted of 12 animals (6 barrows and 6 gilts). First treatment (T1) served as control and others were experimental groups. Diet 1 (T1) was formulated with maize (54%), wheat bran (10%), groundnut cake (17%), DORP (10%), fish meal (6%), mineral mixture and vitamin supplements. Diets 2 (T2), 3 (T3), 4 (T4) and 5 (T5) were formulated using paddy instead of maize at 25, 50, 75 and 100 percent. Age at 1st estrous was found significantly higher (P<0.05) in group T5 as compared to T1 group. Age at 1 st service was found significantly higher (P<0.05) in gilts maintained on T4 and T5 diets than control. In barrows there was no significant (P>0.05) difference in fasting weight, weight after bleeding and evisceration weight between T1, T2 and T3 groups, however these parameters were significantly lower in T4 and T5 groups as compared to control. Statistically there was no significant (P>0.05) difference in fasting weight, weight after bleeding and evisceration weight of gilts of T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups, however it was significantly (P<0.05) lower in T5 group as compared to control. The dressing percentage of boars and dressing percentage, carcass length, backfat thickness and loin eye area in gilts was significantly (P<0.05) lower in T3, T4 and T5 groups as compared to T1 group, however it did not differ significantly between T1 and T2 groups. In both barrows and gilts, statistically there was no significant (P>0.05) difference in average percent weight of shoulder between T2 and T3 groups, however it was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T4 and T5 group as compared to control. In barrows, average percent weight of bacon and ham was significantly (P<0.05) lower in T4 and T5 groups as compared to control, however showing no significant difference in T1, T2 and T3 groups. Average percent weight of loin shows no significant (P>0.05) difference in T1 and T2 group; however is significantly (P<0.05) higher T3, T4, and T5 groups as compared to control. There was no significant difference in the average percent weight of rib chop and undercut among control and treatment groups. In gilts the percent weight of bacon and ham was significantly (P<0.05) lower in T2, T3, T4, and T5 groups as compared to control. There was no significant difference in the percent weight of rib chop and undercut between T1 and T2 groups, however it is significantly lower in T3, T4 and T5 groups as compared to control. Total cost of production was higher at higher level of replacement of maize with paddy in pigs.