Sunmoon Kim

A Study on Calculation of Air Pollutants Emission Factors for Construction Equipment

Generally. mobile sources of air pollution were classified in on-road and non-road. Due to increased registration number of construction equipment in Korea. updated emission factors for non-road mobile sources, such as construction machinery. should be developed. NONROAD model of U.S. EPA already has introduced transient adjustment factors and sulfur adjustment factors for emission factors of diesel powered engine. In addition to this. European Environment Agency (EEA) has proposed emission factors for off-road machinery including several types of construction equipment. In this study. six types of construction equipment, such as excavator. forklift, loader, crane, roller and bulldozer, were studied to estimate emission factors based on total registration status in Korea. Total 445 construction equipments between 2004 and 2007 model year were tested with KC1-8 mode and air pollutants (CO, THC, , and PM) were measured. After statistical estimation and calculation, emission factors for CO, THC, , and PM for excavator, forklift, loader, crane, roller and bulldozer were provided and compared with previous emission factors. Moreover, updated emission factors for six types of construction equipment in this study were verified after comparison with emission factors of U.S. EPA. Finally, estimated emission amounts of four air pollutants were suggested according to six types of construction equipment.

Estimation on the Emission Reduction of SULEV LPG Vehicles

SULEV (Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle) which is one of the emission standards in Fleet Average System introduced to Korea from 2009 is known as the most severe standard to achieve with internal combustion engine. Considering low sales volume of hybrid vehicles in Korea, vehicle manufacturers are required to develop SULEV technologies for conventional gasoline and LPG vehicles to meet the future Fleet Average standard. In this study, the comparison of emissions has been made between SULEV developed and ULEV LPG vehicles mainly produced in this time. To estimate the emission reduction of SULEV vehicles, CVS-75 and NIER test modes have been used. CVS-75 has been used for emission certification of gasoline and LPG vehicles. NIER modes cover various average vehicle speed and reflect Korean real driving patterns better than CVS-75. The test results show that SULEV LPG vehicles have very high potential to reduce in regulated emissions, in green house gases and toluene in VOCs. However, SULEV LPG vehicles don`t affect much on the reduction of CO and total green house gases.

A Study on the Emission Characteristics of Korean Light-duty Vehicles in Real-road Driving Conditions

Abstract : Strengthening vehicle emission regulation is one of important policies to improve air quality in urban area. Due to the limitation of specified driving cycles for certification test to reflect real driving conditions, additional off-cycle emission regulations have been adopted in US and being developed in Europe. The driving cycles of US or Europe have been used in emission certification for Korean light-duty vehicles, but it has not been known how well the driving cycles reflect various real driving patterns in Korea. In that point of view, it is required to estimate vehicle emission based on real road driving conditions to raise the effectiveness of vehicle emission regulation in Korea. In this study, real driving emission measurements have been conducted for three Korean light-duty vehicles with PEMS. The driving routes consisted of urban, rural and motorway in Seoul and Incheon. The data have been analyzed with various averaging methods including moving averaging windows method and compared to emission limits set with emission certification modes applied to tested vehicles. The results have shown that the real driving pollutant emissions of a gasoline and a LPG vehicles have been ranged quite lower than those of emission limits on CVS-75 driving cycle. But real driving NOx of a light duty diesel vehicle has been considerably higher than emission limit of NEDC driving cycle. The higher than expected NOx emission of a diesel vehicle might be caused by different strategy to control EGR in real driving condition from NEDC driving.

Characterization of particulate matter from diesel passenger cars tested on chassis dynamometers

Emission characterization of particle number as well as particle mass from three diesel passenger cars equipped with diesel particulate filter (DPF), diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) under the vehicle driving cycles and regulatory cycle. Total particle number emissions (PNEs) decreased gradually during speed-up of vehicle from 17.3 to 97.3km/hr. As the average vehicle speed increases, the size-segregated peak of particle number concentration shifts to smaller size ranges of particles. The correlation analysis with various particulate components such as particle number concentration (PNC), ultrafine particle number concentration (UFPNC) and particulate matter (PM) mass was conducted to compare gaseous compounds (CO, CO2, HC and NOx). The UFPNC and PM were not only emitted highly in Seoul during severe traffic jam conditions, but also have good correlation with hydrocarbons and NOx influencing high potential on secondary aerosol generation. The effect of the dilution temperature on total PNC under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), was slightly higher than the dilution ratio. In addition, the nuclei mode (DP: ≤13nm) was confirmed to be more sensitive to the dilution temperature rather than other particle size ranges. Comparison with particle composition between vehicle speed cycles and regulatory cycle showed that sulfate was slightly increased at regulatory cycle, while other components were relatively similar. During cold start test, semivolatile nucleation particles were increased due to effect of cold environment. Research on particle formation dependent on dilution conditions of diesel passenger cars under the NEDC is important to verify impact on vehicular traffic and secondary aerosol formation in Seoul.

Physicochemical Characteristics of Particulate Matter Emissions of Different Vehicles` Fuel Types

The physicochemical characteristics of particulate matter emissions from various vehicle’s fuel types were studied at the facility of Transport Pollution Research Center (TPRC), National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Korea. Three different types of fuels such as gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and diesel were tested on the NIER driving mode and the constant speed modes (30, 70, and 110 km/h). Chemical composition of submicron particles from vehicle emissions was measured by the High Resolution Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) during running cycles. Organics were dominant chemical species of particulate matter emissions for all three different vehicles’ fuel types. Moreover, regardless of fuel types, emission rate of organics and inorganics decreased as the average speed of vehicle increased. The portion of fully oxidized fragment families of CxHyOz accounted for over 98% of organic aerosol (OA) in LPG and diesel vehicles, while the relatively high fraction of CxHy in OA was observed in gasoline vehicle.

An Experimental Study on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Hydrogen Mixtures in a CNG Engine

>> Recently, the world faces the environmental problem such as air pollution due to harmful gas discharged from car and abnormal climate due to the green-house gases increased by the discharge of CO2. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), one of alternative for this problem, is less harmful, compared to the existing fossil fuel, as gaseous fuel, and less carbon in fuel ingredients and carbon dioxide generation rate relatively favorable more than the existing fuel. However, CNG fuel has the weakness of slow flame propagation speed and difficult fast burn. On the other hand, hydrogen does not include carbon in fuel ingredients, and does not discharge harmful gas such as CO and HC. Moreover, it has strength of quick burning velocity and ignition is possible with small ignition energy source and it`s has wide Lean Flammability Limit. If using this hydrogen with CNG fuel, the characteristics of output and discharge gas is improved by the mixer’s burning velocity improved, and, at the same time, is possible to have stable lean combustion with the reduction of CO2 expected. Therefore, this research tries to identify the characteristics of engine and emission gas when mixing CNG fuel and hydrogen in each portion and burning them in spark igniting engine, and grasp the combustion stability and emission gas characteristics according and use it as the basic data of hydrogen-CNG premixed engine.

Measuring Particle Number from Light-duty Diesel Vehicles in WLTP Driving Cycle

Abstract Worldwide harmonized light-duty vehicle test procedure (WLTP) for emission certification has been developed in WP.29forum in UN ECE since 2007. The test procedure is expected to be applied to Korean light-duty diesel vehicles at the sametime of adoption in Europe. The air pollutant emissions from light-duty vehicles have been regulated with weight per distancetravelled which means the driving cycles can affect the results. The six Euro-5 light-duty diesel vehicles including sedan,SUV and truck have been tested with WLTP, NEDC which is used for emission certification for light-duty diesel vehicles,and CVS-75 to estimate how much particle number emission can be affected by different driving cycles. The averaged par-ticle number emissions have not shown statistically meaningful difference. The maximum particle number emission have beenfound in Low speed phase of WLTP which is mainly caused by cooled engine conditions. The amount of particle numberemission in cooled engine condition is much different as test vehicles. It means different technical solution is required in thisaspect to cope with WLTP driving cycle.

The Characteristics of Spray and Exhaust Emissions Environmental Assessment of Adulteration and Convention Diesel

Abstract Adulterations fuel have been using in the vehicle in these days. Because gasoline, diesel prices are rising every day. sopeople find more cheap price fuel. Adulterations fuel caused a serious air pollution problems. Adulteration fuel were madefrom waste engine oil, waste paint. According to Government regulations permit to be used recycle fuel(adulteration fuel)only in industrial boiler. Unburned fuel pollutants are effected to human health. In this paper, the hazardous air pollutantscharacteristics in the diesel vehicles according to adulterations of vehicle fuels were carried out in the NEDC test mode inchassis dynamometer. It is revealed that the all of the regulation pollutants (THC, NOx, CO and PM) emission in the adul-terations of vehicle fuels was increased also the green house gas, CO 2 was increased. In the hazardous air pollutants char-acteristics, the VOCs(Volitile Organic Compounds) BTEX(Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene) emissions in the adulterationsof vehicle fuels showed higher level than these in the diesel fuels.