Susan E. Martin

Small-cell osteosarcoma

Six cases of small‐cell osteosarcoma, a tumor that resembles Ewings sarcoma but produces osteoid matrix, are presented. The patients were young (6–31 years of age) and presented with symptoms of pain and/or swelling of 1–10 months duration. The lesions demonstrated a wide variation in radiographic appearance. Histologically, the tumors were composed of small, round cells that produced variable amounts of osteoid. In three cases chondroid was also present. Two of the six patients were treated with surgery alone and four received radiation and either single‐ or multiple‐agent adjuvant chemotherapy. The two patients who received radiation and multiple‐agent adjuvant chemotherapy have no evidence of disease at four and ten years after diagnosis. Recognition of this tumor as distinct from Ewings sarcoma and from other forms of osteosarcoma is important to determine the incidence, clinical features, and optimal therapy for this tumor.

The effectiveness of affirmative action: The case of women in policing

Although the legal bases of affirmative action plans have been debated widely, empirical examination of their effectiveness has been limited. This paper examines the impact of affirmative action on the hiring and promotion of women in policing. A survey of municipal departments serving populations of more than 50,000 found that women still constitute less than 10 percent of all police officers. Nevertheless, multivariate analyses show that both court-ordered and voluntary affirmative action policies have had a statistically significant impact on the hiring but not the promotion of female officers. In addition, case study data from five agencies show that affirmative action policies have widened womens opportunities to receive specialized assignments. These findings suggest the importance of continuing affirmative action policies despite recent legal setbacks.

Gender differences in the association of alcohol intoxication and illicit drug abuse among persons arrested for violent and property offenses.

PURPOSE To explore the associations between violent and other crimes, and alcohol intoxication and recent use of cocaine, marijuana, and other drugs among men and women arrestees and examine gender differences in these relationships. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of 1998 using Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) system data using a sample of 9242 male and 2594 women arrested for violent and property offenses in 35 cities. Logistic regression was used to predict arrest for a violent offense (rather than a property crime) from drug- and alcohol-related, and other variables. RESULTS Both gender and alcohol intoxication are significantly related to arrest for a violent offense. However, the intoxication effects (in the absence of cocaine) are more than three times as great for female (Exp(beta) = 5.59) as male arrestees (Exp(beta) = 1.74), while the combined effects of alcohol and cocaine predict a property offense for women but are insignificant for men. IMPLICATIONS To achieve further reductions in violent crime, intervention strategies need to focus on reducing alcohol intoxication as well as illicit drug use. Research on the role of alcohol on womens aggression and violence also is suggested.

The Links Between Alcohol, Crime and the Criminal Justice System: Explanations, Evidence and Interventions

Many studies indicate that alcohol abuse and dependence are closely linked with the criminal justice system (CJS). Alcohol was consumed prior to about half of all homicides and assaults, and nearly 40 percent of state prisoners report committing their current offense under the influence of alcohol. Alcohol abuse cost approximately

“Low grade” mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the bronchus with “high grade” biological behavior

13 billion in 1992 non-health related costs. This article seeks to address this burden on the CJS and society. It presents a conceptual framework for explaining the alcohol-crime nexus, reviews empirical evidence of the complex associations between alcohol consumption and crime, and links these with promising intervention strategies to reduce alcohol-related crime.

Alveolar bone necrosis and tooth loss: A rare complication associated with herpes zoster infection of the fifth cranial nerve

A case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the bronchus with low grade histologic features exhibited an aggressive biological behavior. All gross, microscopic, and ultrastructural features were those of a morphologically low grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Grossly, the lesion was an exophytic endobronchial mass; microscopically, it contained sheets of monomorphic cells with well‐formed mucus glands, no mitoses, and no necrosis; and ultrastructurally, it consisted of numerous goblet cells and mitochondria‐ and glycogen‐rich cells with well‐formed microvilli. However, the patient developed widespread metastases to skin, subcutaneous tissue, femur, vertebral column, and pericardium and died two months after the primary endobronchial tumor was excised. The metastases, like the primary tumor, had the appearance of “low grade” mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Explants of the original tumor grown in nude mice for three months showed persistence of the low‐grade morphologic pattern. Although metastases are known to occur frequently from high‐grade lesions, widespread metastases from histologically low‐grade lesions have not previously been reported. Low‐grade histologic features of mucoepidermoid carcinoma are not necessarily then indicative of low‐grade biological behavior.

Trends in Alcohol use, Cocaine use, and Crime: 1989–1998

Eleven case reports involving herpes zoster infection associated with alveolar bone necrosis and tooth loss were reviewed in order to develop a patient profile for this rare combination of physical findings. The clinical course of a 56-year-old white woman with herpes zoster infection of the fifth cranial nerve and related alveolar bone necrosis, tooth loss, and oroantral fistula development is reported. The etiology and management of herpes zoster infection associated with destructive oral sequelae are discussed.

Atypical herpes simplex (HSV) infection in a patient with Hodgkin's disease

The widespread belief that illicit drugs are closely associated with crime has contributed to Americas “War on Drugs” and attendant increases in arrests, convictions, and prison populations. However, the links between alcohol and crime have received less attention from policy makers and the public despite consistent evidence that alcohol is more likely than other drugs to be associated with violence. This study explores the relationship between alcohol and cocaine use and crime from 1989–1998, based on findings from the Drug Use Forecasting/Arrestee Drug and Alcohol Monitoring Program and the Uniform Crime Reports Program. We examine correlations among cocaine use, alcohol use, property crime, and violent crime at the city level to determine if there is a consistent pattern across cities over time. The analyses show a wide variation across cities in the links between both alcohol and cocaine use and violent and property crime rates over the 10-year period. However, the association between the annual rates of alcohol use and violent crime is stronger than that of alcohol use and property crime. These associations for alcohol remain in multivariate analyses, including statistical controls for temporal autocorrelation, SES, and heroin use. Cocaine use, in contrast, is not closely associated with either property or violent crime rates in the multivariate analyses. The findings suggest that to reduce violent crime rates, policy makers need to focus on addressing the contribution of alcohol. Furthermore, given the variation found across sites, efforts to reduce the drug/alcohol-crime links need to be tailored to local patterns and problems.

Alcohol Advertising and Youth

An atypical presentation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐I) in the form of nodular tongue lesions was documented by histologic and immunohistochemical studies in a patient with advanced Hodgkins disease. This represents yet another manifestation of HSV‐I in the immunocopromised host and further emphasizes awareness of the oral complications of cancer chemotherapy.