Susan McHugh

Flora, Not Fauna: GM Culture and Agriculture

Even narratives critical of new economic structures of globalization have come to focus on animals, often rare, genetically modified (GM) animals, in a world in which every year markets for GM plants and plant products grow astronomically, a propensity signaled by the adoption of the Monarch butterfly as a symbol of the anti-genetic-modification movement. This adoption suggests a broad representational problem: why do animals (and not plants) loom large in the transgenic imaginary while plants (and not animals) become the medium of daily encounters with transgenic organisms? This article explores this complex dynamic through the interconnected stories of GM potatoes, people, and insects in Ruth Ozekis novel All Over Creation (2003), which closely follows the commercial introduction and unprecedented, rapid recall of the first bioengineered crop plant to be marketed. Although at key moments the novel invokes animal stories that limit the terms of GM debates, its structure significantly models the nonhierarchical, nonlinear relationships that distinguish the unfolding histories of genomic science and plant fictions alike, thereby indicating at least one way in which literary representations might revolutionize public discussion.

Cross-Pollinating: Indigenous Knowledges of Extinction and Genocide in Honeybee Fictions

The best-known insects worldwide, European honeybees (apis mellifera) came to be that way through histories in which colonial experiences and indigenous frictions extend far beyond human communities. Amid a growing crisis in honeybee health in recent decades, novelists explore the multispecies dimensions of their colonial experience in the converging contexts of extinction and genocide. Through fictions by David Malouf, J.M. Coetzee, Amitav Ghosh, Sue Monk Kidd, Louise Erdrich, Douglas Coupland, Lindsay Eagar, and others, this essay outlines a pattern in which the convergence of native knowledges and histories of mass killings spurs productive interventions in contemporary honeybee fictions.