Susana Jorge

Factores determinantes do endividamento: uma análise em painel

In this paper we analyse, for some of the largest Portuguese companies, the relevance and validity of several factors considered in the literature as determinants of companies’ capital structure (represented by the debt ratio): Size, Growth, Business Risk, Profitability, Assets Composition, Non-Debt Tax Shields, Activity Sector and Ownership Control. Using panel data for the period from 1990 to 1995, we present an empirical study in which we seek to describe the effects that these variables have on companies’ debt level in each year of the analysis, trying to identify relationships among the variables, either over time or across companies in the same activity sector. We also analyse the particular effects of each company and each year, that are not included in the explanatory variables of the used models. Although we have reached some results identical to those obtained with other methodologies used at an international level, it is a fact that it did not always happened like that. In our opinion, this was due to the specific characteristics of the companies in our sample and, in general terms, to those of the Portuguese (financial) market.

Measuring Local Government Transparency

Abstract Despite the importance of government transparency to promote accountability and prevent maladministration, empirical research has failed to produce proper tools to assess and compare government transparency practices. Most contributions to the topic do not address it from a stakeholder’s perspective, particularly in selecting the indicators to include in transparency indexes. This paper contributes to the debate by developing a municipal transparency index based on information available on local government official websites. The methodological approach borrows insights from the decision analysis literature to structure the index through a participatory process. An application to the Portuguese local government setting is briefly discussed.

Governmental budgetary reporting systems in the European Union: is the accounting basis relevant for the deficit reliability?

When reporting to Eurostat for the purpose of deficit assessment, EU member states follow National Accounts (NA) rules, specifically the European System of National and Regional Accounts. However, the information reported is gathered from Governmental Accounting (GA), namely budgetary reporting. Consequently, several adjustments are needed when translating data from GA into NA, including those concerning the accounting basis – in some countries GA budgetary balance is already accrual-based while in others it is still cash-based. This research aims to analyse adjustments derived from different accounting bases adopted in GA and NA, demonstrating their diversity and materiality and the consequences for EU member states’ deficit/surplus reliability. It analyses cash-accrual adjustments to be made in Central Government data, using a few EU countries and data from the respective Excessive Deficit Procedure notifications covering the years 2005 to 2010. The main findings show that cash-accrual adjustments are more diverse and tend to be material in relation to the final deficit/surplus, in countries still adopting cash-based budgetary reporting in GA, raising questions concerning the reliability of the deficit/surplus they report. Points for practitioners This article contributes to a better understanding of the accounting basis differences for the convergence process between GA and NA, allowing for more reliable and informative budgetary reporting to be reached from both micro and macro perspectives. It highlights how important it is that GA moves from cash to accruals, namely concerning budgetary accounting and reporting systems. The diversity and materiality of accounting basis adjustments are important starting points for the development of a common framework to deal with these adjustments, and this is to be learned by policy-makers, especially accounting standard-setters and statistics agencies.

From governmental accounting to national accounting: implications on the portuguese central government deficit

Based on the relevant differences between Governmental Accounting (GA/microeconomic perspective) and National Accounting (NA/macroeconomic perspective) this paper examines the main adjustments made in Portugal to the General Government Sector data required to convert Governmental Accounts into National Accounts. It also assesses the impact of those adjustments on the Central Government deficit, the largest share in the Portuguese public deficit. Following mostly a qualitative research methodology, the empirical study is based on interviews to officials preparing NA and on several documental sources. The purpose is to validate the major data adjustments from GA into NA regarding Central Government, while, in addition, assessing their impact using data from April 2008 Excessive Deficit Procedure notification, covering the 2004-2007 period. The main findings indicate that differences concerning the accounting basis are the most relevant and that the subsequent adjustments have a considerable impact on the Portuguese Central Government deficit. This research points therefore to the need for more convergence between GA and NA, namely with respect to the transactions recognition criteria in order to use a common accounting basis, and for a complete and coherent reporting information system in GA.

Governmental accounting in portugal: why accrual basis is a problem1

Until the end of 1997, governmental accounting in Portugal was characterised as essentially cash-based budgetary accounting, using singleentry as the bookkeeping method. The only compulsory accounting system was Budgetary Accounting. As many countries all over the world, nowadays Portugal is implementing a reform of the whole governmental accounting, which has as most important innovations the use of double-entry within a system compulsorily integrating accrual-based Financial and Cost Accounting along with Budgetary Accounting (still essentially cash-based). The main purpose of this paper is to describe and analyse the reform and current situation of governmental accounting in Portugal, especially discussing the accrual basis implementation. In particular, it shows that not only governmental accounting reform in Portugal has been going towards international harmonization, but also problems that have arisen are common to others faced by several countries. Perspectives of future evolution are also presented.

New Local Government Accounting in Portugal

Local government accounting in Portugal has changed significantly over the past five years bringing local government accounting closer to business accounting. The previous system was basically cash-based and budget-oriented, now cash-based budgeting is used with accrual-based financial and cost accounting, using double-entry in order to provide more useful information for decision-making. In this article, the authors show how the new accounting and budgeting system can lead to misinterpretations of an organizations economic and financial situation.

Introduction to a Symposium on New Challenges for Public-Sector Accounting: IPSAS, Budgetary Reporting, and National Accounts

Introduction to a Symposium on New Challenges for Public-Sector Accounting: IPSAS, Budgetary Reporting, and National Accounts Francesca Manes Rossi, Susana Jorge, Maria Antonia Jesus & Eugenio Caperchione a Department of Management and Information Technology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy b Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal c CICP-Research Centre in Political Science, University of Minho, Minho, Portugal d BRU-UNIDE, Lisbon University Institute, Lisbon, Portugal e Department of Economics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy Published online: 24 Feb 2015.

The perceived usefulness of financial information for decision making in Portuguese municipalities: The importance of internal control

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to analyse the extent to which the perceived usefulness of financial information for internal decision making is affected by the internal control to which that information is subjected. Design/methodology/approach - The research is positivist and quantitative, based on a cross-sectional analysis developed in the local government context. Data were collected from a survey to decision makers (politicians and chief officials) in charge of the financial area in all Portuguese municipalities. The response rate was approximately 49 per cent, assuring representativeness. Findings - Regarding the perceived usefulness of financial and budgetary reporting for internal decision making, the results in the paper show that municipalities’ internal users’ attitudes towards using accrual-based financial reporting for decision making is changing. Additionally, internal decision makers consider financial and budgetary information as very useful for decision making, and the different types of internal control applicable to that information as very important. The results also clearly point to the existence of a significant and positive relationship between the internal control (including internal auditing) to which financial and budgetary information is subject, and its perceived usefulness for municipal decision making. Research limitations/implications - The main limitations of this study are related to the way in which information was collected in order to obtain empirical evidence. The questionnaire, sent by e-mail, despite reaching a wide-range and dispersed population, cannot guarantee the truthfulness and integrity of the responses. Findings might have been affected by the fact that respondents may have been sympathetic to the reforms brought by the Official Local Government Accounting Plan (POCAL). Certainly, politicians linked to the political party that promoted those reforms would be predisposed in this way. Another limitation might concern the fact that new laws and regulations passed after POCAL, might have somehow affected the answers regarding the perceived usefulness of budgetary and financial information for internal decision making, as well as the importance of the internal control to which that information is subject. Practical implications - The results of this study have important repercussions for the implementation of internal control systems at local government level. Particularly, they highlight the need to develop or improve internal control procedures to ensure budgetary and financial information reliability, which in turn determines its usefulness for decision-making purposes. Originality/value - This research makes a contribution to the (scarce) literature on the relationship between internal control and the perceived usefulness of financial and budgetary information for decision making, particularly in the local government setting. It adds with further empirical evidence concerning the relationship between these two issues, helping to reinforce previous embryonic research in this field. As to policy making, this research also contributes by calling attention for the need to define the types of internal control financial information must be subject, a critical issue while assuring the usefulness of that information for decision making. This is particular important in current contexts of countries moving towards IPSAS-based financial reporting systems.

Budgetary Balances Adjustments From Governmental Accounting to National Accounts in EU Countries: Can Deficits Be Prone to Management?: Budgetary Balances Adjustments From Governmental Accounting to National Accounts

European Union (EU) countries are required to achieve deficit targets and are thus incentivized to use tools to keep within budgetary limits. This paper argues that accounting discretion might be used to manage some adjustments made during the translation of data from Governmental Accounting (GA) into National Accounts (NA), to window‐dress the final deficit/surplus reported to EUROSTAT. The empirical research shows there are certain circumstances that might facilitate the use of GA–NA “adjustment discretion.” EU authorities must pay special attention to these conditions to ensure the reliability of reported deficits. The main findings of this paper could also assist in future efforts to improve the integrity of the adjustment process.

Public Sector Accounting and Auditing in Portugal

According to its Constitution, Portugal is a unitary state with two levels of government: central and local (constitutionally autonomous). There are also two autonomous regions (Azores and Madeira archipelagos) with independent regional governments. Local government embraces municipalities and civil parishes. The 1997 Constitution created administrative regions but a national referendum in 1998 prevented these being implemented so, currently, there are 308 municipalities (278 in continental Portugal, 18 in Azores and 11 in Madeira) and 3,091 civil parishes (2,882 in continental Portugal, 155 in Azores and 54 in Madeira).