Susanna A. Throop

Crusading as an act of vengeance, 1095-1216

Contents: Introduction The meanings of vindicta, ultio and venjance Early years: crusading as vengeance, 1095-1137 A growing appeal: crusading as vengeance, 1138-1197 Popular - or Papal? Crusading as vengeance, 1198-1216 Zelus: an emotional component of crusading as vengeance Conclusion Appendices Bibliography Index.

Mirrored images: the Passion and the First Crusade in a fourteenth-century Parisian illuminated manuscript (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fr. 352)

This lavish mid-fourteenth-century Parisian illuminated manuscript (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS fr. 352) combines a description of the Holy Land with an abridged version of the history and continuations of William of Tyre in Old French known as the Eracles. It is both visually familiar to scholars and under-studied. Several of its Gothic panel miniatures, especially folio 62r, the conquest of Jerusalem, have been published more than once, yet the manuscripts illumination programme as a whole has not been assessed since Jaroslav Foldas 1968 doctoral dissertation. Analysis of folio 62r in the context of both the full illumination programme and the manuscripts historical setting reveals that MS fr. 352 speaks to the desire of mid-fourteenth-century French nobility to see the chivalric present mirrored by the crusading past, the new Western ‘holy land’ of Paris mirrored by the true locus sanctus of Jerusalem, and the Passion mirrored by the First Crusade.