Susanne M. Bruyère

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Contemporary Literature Overview

This article reviews the literature from the 3 years since the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Healths (ICFs) endorsement, focusing on those articles that discuss (a) what the ICF means and how it can be used; (b) the general utility of the ICF for specific fields, such as nursing, occupational therapy, speech-language pathology, and audiology; (c) examples of applications for classification in particular disorders, such as chronic health conditions, neuromusculoskeletal conditions, cognitive disorders, mental disorders, sensory disorders, and primary and secondary conditions in children; (d) uses of the ICF to recode prior work across multiple surveys and across country coding schemes on disability-related national survey items; and (e) governmental uses of the ICF in the United States and selected countries abroad. Future directions needed to effectively implement the ICF across rehabilitation policy, research, and practice are discussed. This article reviews the literature in psychology and health and human services, and rehabilitation more generally, from the 3 years since the endorsement of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). For this review, we narrowed our searches to articles focused on clinical research or specific implementations of the

The Impact of Business Size on Employer ADA Response

More than 10 years have passed since the employment provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) came into effect for employers of 15 or more employees. Americans with disabilities continue to be more unemployed and underemployed than their nondisabled peers. Small businesses, with fewer than 500 employees, continue to be the most rapidly growing part of our national economy and therefore a potential source of employment for American job seekers with disabilities. A Cornell University survey of human resource professionals examined how employers of different sizes are complying with the ADA. The authors point to needed ADA and accommodation services that rehabilitation counselors can provide to employers.

Comparative Study of Workplace Policy and Practices Contributing to Disability Nondiscrimination

Objective: To assess the impact of disability nondiscrimination legislation on employer practices in the United States and the United Kingdom. Study Design: U.S. and U.K. human resource professionals were surveyed about their experience with implementation of the legislation. Results: Both U.S. and U.K. employers are responding to their respective legislation by making accommodations-adjustments needed by applicants and employees with disabilities. Conclusions: Rehabilitation psychologists and other health care professionals working with people with disabilities must understand employee rights and employer responsibilities under this legislation, know where employers may have difficulty in responding to an accommodation request, and be familiar with the existing workplace resources and processes that can support an effective response to such requests. People with disabilities are often underemployed or unemployed, compared with their nondisabled peers—and approximately one in six people has a disability. In the 1990s, many world economies were stronger than they had been for decades. Unfortunately, the unemployment rate of persons with disabilities did not improve concurrently (Wehman, 1998), and in many countries it continues to be disproportionate to that of the general population. In the United States, for example, 34% of men and 33% of women with disabilities were employed in 1999, compared with 95% of men and 82% of women without disabilities (Burkhauser, Daly, Houtenville, & Nargis, 2001). This low employment rate represents a loss of income and social and economic participation for people with disabilities, as well as a significant loss of willing

Age and Disability Employment Discrimination: Occupational Rehabilitation Implications

Introduction As concerns grow that a thinning labor force due to retirement will lead to worker shortages, it becomes critical to support positive employment outcomes of groups who have been underutilized, specifically older workers and workers with disabilities. Better understanding perceived age and disability discrimination and their intersection can help rehabilitation specialists and employers address challenges expected as a result of the evolving workforce. Methods Using U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Integrated Mission System data, we investigate the nature of employment discrimination charges that cite the Americans with Disabilities Act or Age Discrimination in Employment Act individually or jointly. We focus on trends in joint filings over time and across categories of age, types of disabilities, and alleged discriminatory behavior. Results We find that employment discrimination claims that originate from older or disabled workers are concentrated within a subset of issues that include reasonable accommodation, retaliation, and termination. Age-related disabilities are more frequently referenced in joint cases than in the overall pool of ADA filings, while the psychiatric disorders are less often referenced in joint cases. When examining charges made by those protected under both the ADA and ADEA, results from a logit model indicate that in comparison to charges filed under the ADA alone, jointly-filed ADA/ADEA charges are more likely to be filed by older individuals, by those who perceive discrimination in hiring and termination, and to originate from within the smallest firms. Conclusion In light of these findings, rehabilitation and workplace practices to maximize the hiring and retention of older workers and those with disabilities are discussed.

The Employment Environment Employer Perspectives, Policies, and Practices Regarding the Employment of Persons With Disabilities

Employers’ characteristics and their policies and practices are workplace environmental factors with important implications for the hiring and retention of employees with disabilities. To explore these factors, a survey was conducted by Cornell University in 2011 focusing on employer policies and practices related to the employment of people with disabilities. The private employer membership of the Society of Human Resource Management (SHRM) was randomly sampled across small, medium, and large employers. In all, 675 SHRM members completed the survey and provided information regarding organizational characteristics; disability-related practices and policies regarding recruitment and hiring, training, accessibility and accommodation, retention and advancement; collection of metrics; and their perception of barriers to the employment and advancement of people with disabilities. Ratings of effectiveness of these practices/policies are examined, as well as the number of policies and practices implemented by organizational size and industry. Comparisons of employer views on employment barriers for persons with disabilities to a previous 1998 Cornell/SHRM study are made.

HR’s Role in Managing Disability in the Workplace

Susanne M. Bruyere, Ph.D., SPHR, is the director of the Program on Employment and Disability at Cornell University. She is currently funded by the U.S. Department of Education, National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDR) as principal investigator of a four-year research and demonstration project in collaboration with the Society for Human Resource Management. She may be reached via E-mail at smb23@cornell.edu. William A. Erickson is a research specialist with the Program on Employment and Disability in the School of Industrial and Labor Relations Extension Division at Cornell University. His previous research experience includes a workers’ compensation managed-care pilot project in New York State. Sara VanLooy is a research and administrative assistant with the Program on Employment and disability at Cornell University in the School of Industrial and Labor Relations—Extension Division.

Use of Statistics From National Data Sources to Inform Rehabilitation Program Planning, Evaluation, and Advocacy

Data on people with disabilities can be used to confirm service needs and to evaluate the resulting impact of services. Disability statistics from surveys and administrative records can play a meaningful role in such efforts. In this article, the authors describe the array of available data and statistics and their potential uses in rehabilitation service planning and evaluation. They discuss the 2000 Decennial Census Long Form, the American Community Survey, the National Health Information Survey, the National Health Information Survey on Disability, the Current Population Survey Annual Demographics Survey, the Survey of Income and Program Participation, and the Health and Retirement Survey, administrative records such as the Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) 911 and the Social Security Administration (SSA) Title 2 and Title 16 records, and matched data such as linked RSA and SSA records. They also provide examples of applications of these data sets to rehabilitation service planning and evaluation, along with recommendations for rehabilitation education, practice, and research.

The Accessibility and Usability of College Websites: Is your Website Presenting Barriers to Potential Students?

Thirty community college websites were evaluated for compliance with federal web accessibility standards found in Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. 794d). Two typical sites were tested for usability by individuals with visual impairments, individuals with reading-related learning disabilities (LD), and a control group of individuals without disabilities. Ten additional sites were selected for Simulated Target Group usability testing. Testing revealed that less than 1% of pages evaluated met Section 508 web accessibility standards. Over half of the users found the online admissions application process frustrating, and less than a third of all users could complete the online application without assistance. The Simulated Target Group usability testing encountered similar usability issues across the additional 10 community college websites examined. All four evaluation techniques found that community college websites fared poorly in both accessibility and usability. However, many of the issues could be addressed without significant effort.

Civil Rights and Employment Issues of Disability Policy

The purpose of this article is to provide an analysis of the role and effectiveness of civil rights legislation in enhancing the employment status of persons with disabilities. The areas for discussion are as follows: backlash to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and related civil rights initiatives; similarities and differences between the ADA and the civil rights legislation for other protected populations ; civil rights protection as a part of employment policy; civil rights protection and workforce development policy for persons with disabilities; whether civil rights and affirmative action policies for persons with disabilities have outlived their utility; and future trends and issues surrounding the ADA.

Web Accessibility Policies and Practices at American Community Colleges.

Community colleges are increasingly using the Internet for admissions and financial aid applications. The use of online processes has serious implications for students with disabilities, such as visual and learning problems, who may encounter difficulties with the Web sites if they are not designed in an accessible and usable way. A survey of student services leaders at community colleges across the country was conducted to evaluate the use of the Web for a variety of student processes. Also investigated was the awareness of issues related to Web accessibility for students with disabilities. Nearly 700 colleges responded, representing a 79% response rate. While 90% offered online access to course catalogs, class schedules, and online courses, only half said that their school had requirements for accessible Web content. These results indicate that significantly more work needs to be done to inform community college administrators and Web developers about these issues.