T. Colegate

The Murchison Widefield Array: The Square Kilometre Array Precursor at Low Radio Frequencies

The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) is one of three Square Kilometre Array Precursor telescopes and is located at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory in the Murchison Shire of the mid-west of Western Australia, a location chosen for its extremely low levels of radio frequency interference. The MWA operates at low radio frequencies, 80–300 MHz, with a processed bandwidth of 30.72 MHz for both linear polarisations, and consists of 128 aperture arrays (known as tiles) distributed over a ~3-km diameter area. Novel hybrid hardware/software correlation and a real-time imaging and calibration systems comprise the MWA signal processing backend. In this paper, the as-built MWA is described both at a system and sub-system level, the expected performance of the array is presented, and the science goals of the instrument are summarised.

The Commensal Real-Time ASKAP Fast-Transients (CRAFT) Survey

We are developing a purely commensal survey experiment for fast (<5 s) transient radio sources. Short-timescale transients are associated with the most energetic and brightest single events in the Universe. Our objective is to cover the enormous volume of transients parameter space made available by ASKAP, with an unprecedented combination of sensitivity and field of view. Fast timescale transients open new vistas on the physics of high brightness temperature emission, extreme states of matter and the physics of strong gravitational fields. In addition, the detection of extragalactic objects affords us an entirely new and extremely sensitive probe on the huge reservoir of baryons present in the IGM. We outline here our approach to the considerable challenge involved in detecting fast transients, particularly the development of hardware fast enough to dedisperse and search the ASKAP data stream at or near real-time rates. Through CRAFT, ASKAP will provide the testbed of many of the key technologies and survey modes proposed for high time resolution science with the SKA.

Characterization of a Low-Frequency Radio Astronomy Prototype Array in Western Australia

We report characterization results for an engineering prototype of a next-generation low-frequency radio astronomy array. This prototype, which we refer to as the Aperture Array Verification System 0.5 (AAVS0.5), is a sparse pseudorandom array of 16 log-periodic antennas designed for 70-450 MHz. It is colocated with the Murchison widefield array (MWA) at the Murchison radioastronomy observatory (MRO) near the Australian square kilometre array (SKA) core site. We characterize the AAVS0.5 using two methods: in situ radio interferometry with astronomical sources and an engineering approach based on detailed full-wave simulation. In situ measurement of the small prototype array is challenging due to the dominance of the Galactic noise and the relatively weaker calibration sources easily accessible in the southern sky. The MWA, with its 128 “tiles” and up to 3 km baselines, enabled in situ measurement via radio interferometry. We present array sensitivity and beam pattern characterization results and compare to detailed full-wave simulation. We discuss areas where differences between the two methods exist and offer possibilities for improvement. Our work demonstrates the value of the dual astronomy-simulation approach in upcoming SKA design work.

Searching for Fast Radio Transients with SKA Phase 1

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) provides an excellent opportunity for low-cost searches for fast radio transients. The increased sensitivity and field of view of the SKA compared with other radio telescopes will make it an ideal instrument to search for impulsive emission from high–energy density events. We present a high-level search ‘use case’ and propose event rate per unit cost as a figure of merit to compare transient survey strategies for radio telescope arrays; we use event rate per beam formed and searched as a first-order approximation of this measure. Key results are that incoherent (phase-insensitive) combination of antenna signals achieves the highest event rate per beam, and that 50–100 MHz processed bandwidth is sufficient for extragalactic searches with SKA Phase 1; the gain in event rate from using the full available bandwidth is small. Greater system flexibility will enable more effective searches, but need not drive the top-level system requirements beyond those already proposed for the SKA. The most appropriate search strategy depends on the observed sky direction and the source population; for SKA Phase 1, low-frequency aperture arrays tend to be more effective for extragalactic searches, and dishes more effective for directions of increased scatter broadening, such as near the Galactic plane.

Antenna array characterization via radio interferometry observation of astronomical sources

We present an in-situ antenna characterization method and results for a “low-frequency” radio astronomy engineering prototype array, characterized over the 75-300 MHz frequency range. The presence of multiple cosmic radio sources, particularly the dominant Galactic noise, makes in-situ characterization at these frequencies challenging; however, it will be shown that high quality measurement is possible via radio interferometry techniques. This method is well-known in the radio astronomy community but seems less so in antenna measurement and wireless communications communities, although the measurement challenges involving multiple undesired sources in the antenna field-of-view bear some similarities. We discuss this approach and our results with the expectation that this principle may find greater application in related fields.

First results from AAVS 0.5: A prototype array for next-generation radio astronomy

This paper provides an overview of the Aperture Array Verification System 0.5 (AAVS 0.5), co-located and operated in conjunction with the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) near the Australian SKA core site. AAVS 0.5 is based on log-periodic antennas of a type potentially useful in next-generation low-frequency arrays such as SKA-low. We report on our progress by discussing results obtained thus far as well as test plans for the near future. A number of lessons learned will be presented, demonstrating that hands-on experience constitutes an essential knowledge-base in the pre-construction phase of a radio-telescope such as the SKA.

Calibration and Stokes Imaging with Full Embedded Element Primary Beam Model for the Murchison Widefield Array

The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), located in Western Australia, is one of the low-frequency precursors of the international Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project. In addition to pursuing its own ambitious science program, it is also a testbed for wide range of future SKA activities ranging from hardware, software to data analysis. The key science programs for the MWA and SKA require very high dynamic ranges, which challenges calibration and imaging systems. Correct calibration of the instrument and accurate measurements of source flux densities and polarisations require precise characterisation of the telescopes primary beam. Recent results from the MWA GaLactic Extragalactic All-sky MWA (GLEAM) survey show that the previously implemented Average Embedded Element (AEE) model still leaves residual polarisations errors of up to 10-20 % in Stokes Q. We present a new simulation-based Full Embedded Element (FEE) model which is the most rigorous realisation yet of the MWAs primary beam model. It enables efficient calculation of the MWA beam response in arbitrary directions without necessity of spatial interpolation. In the new model, every dipole in the MWA tile (4 x 4 bow-tie dipoles) is simulated separately, taking into account all mutual coupling, ground screen and soil effects, and therefore accounts for the different properties of the individual dipoles within a tile. We have applied the FEE beam model to GLEAM observations at 200 - 231 MHz and used false Stokes parameter leakage as a metric to compare the models. We have determined that the FEE model reduced the magnitude and declination-dependent behaviour of false polarisation in Stokes Q and V while retaining low levels of false polarisation in Stokes U.

Square Kilometre Array Station Configuration Using Two-Stage Beamforming

The lowest frequency band (70–450 MHz) of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) will consist of sparse aperture arrays grouped into geographically localised patches or stations. Signals from thousands of antennas in each station will be beamformed to produce station beams which form the inputs for the central correlator. Two-stage beamforming within stations can reduce SKA-low signal processing load and costs, but has not been previously explored for the irregular station layouts now favoured in radio astronomy arrays. This paper illustrates the effects of two-stage beamforming on sidelobes and effective area, for two representative station layouts (regular and irregular gridded tiles on an irregular station). The performance is compared with a single-stage, irregular station. The inner sidelobe levels do not change significantly between layouts, but the more distant sidelobes are affected by the tile layouts; regular tile creates diffuse, but regular, grating lobes. With very sparse arrays, the station effective area is similar between layouts. At lower frequencies, the regular tile significantly reduces effective area, hence sensitivity. The effective area is highest for a two-stage irregular station, but it requires a larger station extent than the other two layouts. Although there are cost benefits for stations with two-stage beamforming, we conclude that more accurate station modelling and SKA-low configuration specifications are required before design finalisation.

Realisation of a low frequency SKA Precursor: The Murchison Widefield Array

S.J. Tingay International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research Curtin University, Perth, Australia E-mail: S.Tingay@curtin.edu.au R. Goeke, J.N. Hewitt, E. Morgan, R.A Remillard, C.L. Williams MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Canbridge, USA J.D. Bowman Arizona State University, Tempe, USA D. Emrich, S.M. Ord, T. Booler, B. Crosse, D. Pallot, W. Arcus, T. Colegate, P.J. Hall, D. Herne, M.J. Lynch, F. Schlagenhaufer, S. Tremblay, R.B. Wayth, M. Waterson International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research Curtin University, Perth, Australia D.A. Mitchell, R.J. Sault, R.L. Webster, J.S.B. Wyithe The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia M.F. Morales, B.J. Hazelton University of Washington, Seattle, USA A. Wicenec, A. Williams ICRAR University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia D. Barnes Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia G. Bernardi, L.J. Greenhill, J.C. Kasper Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, USA F. Briggs, B. McKinley The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia J.D. Bunton, L. deSouza, R. Koenig, J. Pathikulangara, J. Stevens CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Australia R.J. Cappallo, B.E. Corey, B.B. Kincaid, E. Kratzenberg, C.J. Lonsdale, S.R. McWhirter, A.E.E. Rogers, J.E. Salah, A.R. Whitney MIT Haystack Observatory, Westford, USA

Complex gain calibration in “hybrid” low-frequency aperture arrays: An array prototype and the Murchison Widefield Array

Complex gain calibration is a process which solves and corrects for the composite effects of the unknown electronic and antenna gains from the uncalibrated cross-correlation products (“visibilities”) in radio interferometry. The resulting calibrated visibilities form the basis for astronomical post-processing such as imaging and telescope sensitivity measurements. Clearly, complex gain calibration is an essential prerequisite step.