T. Kirn

EXTENSIVE STUDIES ON CEF3 CRYSTALS, A GOOD CANDIDATE FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC CALORIMETRY AT FUTURE ACCELERATORS

Abstract In the framework of its search for new heavy, fast and radiation hard scintillators for calorimetry at future colliders, the Crystal Clear Collaboration performed a systematic investigation of the properties and of the scintillation and radiation damage mechanisms of CeF 3 monocrystals. Many samples of various dimensions up to 3 × 3 × 28 cm 3 were produced by industry and characterised in the laboratories by different methods such as: optical transmission, light yield and decay time measurements, excitation and emission spectra, gamma and neutron irradiations. The results of these measurements are discussed. The measured light yield is compared to the theoretical expectations. Tests in high energy electron beams on a crystal matrix were also performed. The suitability of CeF 3 for calorimetry at high rate machines is confirmed. Production and economical considerations are discussed.

Beam tests of lead tungstate crystal matrices and a silicon strip preshower detector for the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter

Tests of lead tungstate crystal matrices carried out in high-energy electron beams in 1996, using new crystals, new APDs and an improved test set-up, confirm that an energy resolution of better than 0.6% at 100 GeV can be obtained when the longitudinal uniformity of the struck crystal is adequate. Light loss measurements under low dose irradiation are reported. It is shown that there is no loss of energy resolution after irradiation and that the calibration change due to light loss can be tracked with a precision monitoring system. Finally, successful tests with a preshower device, equipped with silicon strip detector readout, are described.

A high-resolution scintillating fiber tracker with silicon photomultiplier array readout

We present prototype modules for a tracking detector consisting of multiple layers of 0.25 mm diameter scintillating fibers that are read out by linear arrays of silicon photomultipliers. The module production process is described and measurements of the key properties for both the fibers and the readout devices are shown. Five modules have been subjected to a 12 GeV/c proton/pion testbeam at CERN. A spatial resolution of 50 mu m and light yields exceeding 20 detected photons per minimum ionizing particle have been achieved, at a tracking efficiency of more than 98.5%. Possible techniques for further improvement of the spatial resolution are discussed

Perspectives for indirect dark matter search with AMS-2 using cosmic-ray electrons and positrons

The AMS-2 experiment will be launched with the Space Shuttle Discovery and installed on the International Space Station in 2010. It is designed to perform precision spectroscopy of many different cosmic-ray species including electrons and positrons. While the nature of dark matter is as yet unknown, dark matter annihilating in the Galactic halo is a well-motivated source of cosmic-ray electrons and positrons. The cosmic-ray positron fraction data available so far show significant deviations between different measurements and from the expectation for purely secondary production. The differences between the measurements up to particle energies of 6 GeV can be understood in a framework of charge-sign-dependent solar modulation and the spectra show excellent agreement if corrected for these time-dependent effects. Recent observations of an excess in the high-energy electron spectrum by ATIC might be connected to the excess in the positron fraction. A possible source of both signatures could be dark matter annihilation or a nearby pulsar. A measurement of the anisotropy of high-energy electrons could distinguish between both scenarios. Therefore the sky coverage of AMS-2 will be discussed in addition to possible dark matter scenarios and the sensitivity of the AMS-2 experiment to these effects.

Studies of Lead Tungstate Crystal Matrices in High-Energy Beams for the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter at the LHC

Using matrices of lead tungstate crystals, energy resolutions better than 0.6% at 100 GeV have been achieved in the test beam in 1995. It has been demonstrated that a lead tungstate electromagnetic calorimeter read out by avalanche photodiodes can consistently achieve the excellent energy resolutions necessary to justify its construction in the CMS detector. The performance achieved has been understood in terms of the properties of the crystals and photodetectors.

PERFORMANCE OF A CERIUM FLUORIDE CRYSTAL MATRIX MEASURED IN HIGH-ENERGY PARTICLE BEAMS

Abstract A cerium fluoride matrix composed of nine longitudinally segmented towers, approximately 25 X 0 long, has been tested in electron, muon and pion beams of momenta ranging from 10 to 150 GeV/ c . The results are discussed in terms of light yield, electronic noise, energy and position resolution. In spite of serious imperfections in geometry and quality of some of the crystals, an electron energy resolution of ∼0.5% has been obtained with a silicon photodiode readout, for energies above 50 GeV. The performance of cerium fluoride in a beam, its high density, high light yield and fast response, radiation resistance and ruggedness make it a very good candidate for high-resolution calorimetry at future colliders. The best conditions for production of large high-quality crystals are being studied in several firms over the world. Many CeF 3 crystals, 2 × 2 cm 2 or 3 × 3 cm 2 in cross section and up to 28 cm long, were received in 1994 from four companies, some of them with excellent light yield and radiation hardness.

Test beam results of a cerium fluoride crystal matrix

A Cerium Fluoride matrix of 3 × 3 towers with Silicon photodiode readout has been tested in electron and pion beams from 10 to 150 GeV energy. The matrix was assembled with a selection of crystals out of a total of over 40 large crystals (up to 20 cm long and 3 cm × 3 cm in cross section) from various producers. Despite less than optimal geometry and crystal quality, an energy resolution of 0.5% for energies ≥ 50 GeV has been obtained. Fast shaping amplifier prototypes were tested and their performance was found to be appropriate for operation in an LHC-like environment.

Silicon photomultiplier arrays – a novel photon detector for a high resolution tracker produced at FBK-irst, Italy.

A silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) array has been developed at FBK-irst having 32 channels and a dimension of 8.0 x 1.1 mm^2. Each 250 um wide channel is subdivided into 5 x 22 rectangularly arranged pixels. These sensors are developed to read out a modular high resolution scintillating fiber tracker. Key properties like breakdown voltage, gain and photon detection efficiency (PDE) are found to be homogeneous over all 32 channels of an SiPM array. This could make scintillating fiber trackers with SiPM array readout a promising alternative to available tracker technologies, if noise properties and the PDE are improved.