Taihe Shi

Corrosion rate of hydrogenation to C110 casing in high H2S environment

The corrosion behavior of C110 bushing at high temperature and high pressure with a high H2S/CO2 was studied, and a basis for the materials selection of sour gas well bushing was provided in H2S, CO2 and saline coexisting environment. Under acidic condiction, hydrogen atoms greatly entered into the material and caused the material properties changed. Weight loss method was used to study the corrosion rate of hydrogen charging samples and original untreated samples in simulated oil field environment. PAR2273 electrochemical workstation was used to examine the electrochemical performance of samples untreated, hydrogen charging after reacting in autoclave. The corrosion product film was observed through SEM. The experimental results show that sample with hydrogen charging has a much more obvious partial corrosion and pitting corrosion than the untreated blank sample even the downhole corrosion speed of bushing is increased after being used for a period of time. Polarization curve shows the corrosion tendency is the same between sample with or without hydrogen charging and corrosion tendency is reduced by corrosion product film. A layer of dense product film formed on the surface of samples provides a certain protective effect to the matrix, but cracked holes which will accelerate partial corrosion of the sample were also observed.

Hydrogen permeation behaviors of X52 pipeline steel in NACE a solution with saturated H2S/CO2

With the aid of hydrogen permeating devices, the hydrogen permeation behaviors of X52 pipeline steel in NACE A solution with saturated H2S/CO2 were studied under the conditions of different ambient temperatures and pH values, and the hydrogen permeation behaviors of X52 pipeline steel in weld seam zone were comparatively studied. The experimental results show that the hydrogen permeation coefficient value is directly proportional to the time required for reaching the saturation anode current and inversely proportional to the saturation anode current, and the hydrogen permeation coefficient is influenced by the corrosion scales; the temperature is directly proportional to the saturation anode current, and the hydrogen permeation coefficient is influenced by the temperature and corrosion scales, heat-affected zone and matrix zone in NACE A solution with saturated H2S/CO2 at normal temperature. The hydrogen permeation coefficient in weld seam zone is larger than that in heat-affected zone which is further larger than that in matrix zone.

Fatigue Strength Prediction of Drilling Materials Based on the Maximum Non-metallic Inclusion Size

Abstract In this paper, the statistics of the size distribution of non-metallic inclusions in five drilling materials were performed. Based on the maximum non-metallic inclusion size, the fatigue strength of the drilling material was predicted. The sizes of non-metallic inclusions in drilling materials were observed to follow the inclusion size distribution rule. Then the maximum inclusion size in the fatigue specimens was deduced. According to the prediction equation of the maximum inclusion size and fatigue strength proposed by Murakami, fatigue strength of drilling materials was obtained. Moreover, fatigue strength was also measured through rotating bending tests. The predicted fatigue strength was significantly lower than the measured one. Therefore, according to the comparison results, the coefficients in the prediction equation were revised. The revised equation allowed the satisfactory prediction results of fatigue strength of drilling materials at the fatigue life of 107 rotations and could be used in the fast prediction of fatigue strength of drilling materials.

A Repeated Impact Method and Instrument to Evaluate the Impact Fatigue Property of Drillpipe

It is well known that drillpipe failures are a pendent problem in drilling engineering. Most of drillpipe failures are low amplitude-repeated impact fatigue failures. The traditional method is using Charpy impact test to describe the fracture property of drillpipe, but it cannot veritably characterize the impact fatigue property of drillpipe under low amplitude-repeated impact. Based on the Charpy impact and other methods, a repeated impact method and instrument have been proposed to simulate the low amplitude-repeated impact of downhole conditions for drillpipe. Then, a series of tests have been performed using this instrument. Test results demonstrate the drillpipe upset transition area nonhomogeneity is more severe than drillpipe body, which is the key factor that leads to washout and fracture frequently of it. As the one time impact energy increases, the repeated impact times decrease exponentially, therefore, the rotational speed has a great effect on the fatigue life of drillpipe, and it is vital to select a suitable rotational speed for drilling jobs. In addition, based on SEM fractographs we found that the fracture surface of repeated impact is similar to the fatigue fracture, and there are many low cycle fatigue characteristic features on fracture surface that reveal very good agreement with the features of drillpipe fatigue failures in the field.

Casing and Tubing Design for Sour Oil and Gas Fields

Abstract In sour environments containing H2S and water, the casing and tubing yield failure criterion is no longer used because environmental fracture is the main failure mode. In this case, a reasonable material selection and design of casing and tubing can reduce or prevent casing and tubing failure accidents. On the basis of meeting the yield criterion, conventional sulfur resistance casing T95 and quasisulfur resistance casing C110 is designed considering the fracture mechanics method. According to environmental fracture toughness K ISSC calculated by NACE method A and/or D, antipressure fracture strength of C110, and T95, casing is predicted by failure assessment diagram under various conditions. Numerical and experimental comparisons show that antipressure fracture strength of C110 casing is less than that of T95 casing, hence it is important for C110 cased boreholes to prevent evoked cracking during postoperation of drilling and completion. So in a sour oil and gas field, casing and tubing design not only meets the yield design criterion, but also meets the fracture mechanics design criterion. The new design method provides an important reference for casing and tubing design and material selection in sour environments containing H2S and water.

Effect of Plastic Deformation and H2S on Dynamic Fracture Toughness of High Strength Casing Steel

The effects of plastic deformation and H2S on fracture toughness of high strength casing steel (C110 steel) were investigated. The studied casing specimens are as follows: original casing, plastic deformation (PD) casing and PD casing after being immersed in NACE A solution saturated with H2S (PD+H2S). Instrumented impact method was employed to evaluate the impact behaviors of the specimens, meanwhile, dynamic fracture toughness (JId) was calculated by using Rice model and Schindler model. The experimental results show that dynamic fracture toughness of the casing decreases after plastic deformation. Compared with that of the original casing and PD casing, the dynamic fracture toughness decreases further when the PD casing immersed in H2S, moreover, there are ridge-shaped feature and many secondary cracks present on the fracture surface of the specimens. Impact fracture mechanism of the casing is proposed as follows: the plastic deformation results in the increase of defect density of materials where the atomic hydrogen can accumulate in reversible or irreversible traps and even recombine to form molecular hydrogen, subsequently, the casing material toughness decreases greatly.

Theoretical and experimental study of the thermal strength of anticorrosive lined steel pipes

Bimetallic lined steel pipe (LSP) is a new anti-corrosion technology. It is widely used to transport oil, gas, water and corrosive liquid chemicals. At present, the hydroforming pressure for LSP has been investigated theoretically and experimentally by most researchers. However, there are a few reports on the thermal strength of bimetallic LSP. Actually, the bimetallic LSP will be subjected to remarkable thermal load in the process of three layer polyethylene (3PE) external coating. Reverse yielding failure may occur on the inner pipe of the bimetallic LSP when it suffers from remarkable thermal load and residual contact pressure simultaneously. The aim of this paper is to study the thermal load and strength of the bimetallic LSP. A mechanical model, which can estimate the thermal strength of the bimetallic LSP, was established based on the elastic theory and the manufacture of the bimetallic LSP. Based on the model, the correlation between the thermal strength of the bimetallic LSP and residual contact pressure and wall thickness of the inner pipe was obtained. Reverse yielding experiments were performed on the LSP (NT80SS-316L) under different thermal loads. Experiment results are consistent with calculated results from the theoretical model. The experimental and simulation results may provide powerful guidance for the bimetallic LSP production and use.

Stress corrosion cracking of high-strength drill pipe in sour gas well

In high sour gas reservoir drilling process, it happens occasionally that high-strength drill pipe suffers brittle fracture failure due to stress corrosion cracking, and poses serious hazard to drilling safety. To solve this problem, this paper studied the stress corrosion cracking mechanism and influencing factors of highstrength drill pipe in sour environment with hydrogen permeation experiments and tensile tests. We simulated practical conditions in laboratory and evaluated the stress corrosion cracking performance of the high-strength drill pipe under conditions of high stress level. For the problems occurring in use of high-strength drill pipe on site, the paper proposed a technical measure for slower stress corrosion cracking.

The effects of sulfide stress cracking on the mechanical properties and intergranular cracking of P110 casing steel in sour environments

Variation and degradation of P-110 casing steel mechanical properties, due to sulfide stress cracking (SSC) in sour environments, was investigated using tensile and impact tests. These tests were carried out on specimens, which were pretreated under the following conditions for 168 hours: temperature, 60 °C; pressure, 10 MPa; H2S partial pressure, 1 MPa and CO2 partial pressure, 1 MPa; preload stress, 80% of the yield strength (σs); medium, simulated formation water. The reduction in tensile and impact strengths for P-110 casing specimens in corrosive environments were 28% and 54%, respectively. The surface morphology analysis indicated that surface damage and uniform plastic deformation occurred as a result of strain aging. Impact toughness of the casing decreased significantly and intergranular cracking occurred when specimens were maintained at a high stress level of 85% σs.