Takashi Asada

Readout technologies for directional WIMP Dark Matter detection

The measurement of the direction of WIMP-induced nuclear recoils is a compelling but technologically challenging strategy to provide an unambiguous signature of the detection of Galactic dark matter. Most directional detectors aim to reconstruct the dark-matter-induced nuclear recoil tracks, either in gas or solid targets. The main challenge with directional detection is the need for high spatial resolution over large volumes, which puts strong requirements on the readout technologies. In this paper we review the various detector readout technologies used by directional detectors. In particular, we summarize the challenges, advantages and drawbacks of each approach, and discuss future prospects for these technologies.

R&D Status of Nuclear Emulsion for Directional Dark Matter Search

In this study, we are doing R&D for directional dark matter search with nuclear emulsion. First of all, higher resolution nuclear emulsion with fine silver halide crystals was developed in the production facility of emulsion at Nagoya university, and we confirmed that it can detect the expected nuclear recoil tracks. The readout of submicron tracks was required the new technology. We developed the expansion technique, and could readout the signal by shape analysis with optical microscopy. The two dimensional angular resolution is 36 degrees at the original track length of range from 150 nm to 200 nm with optical microscopy. Finally we demonstrated by using recoiled nuclei induced by 14.8 MeV neutron, and confirmed the technique. Moreover, we developed the X-ray microscope system with SPring-8 as final check with higher resolution of selected candidate tracks with optical microscopy. The angular resolution was improved from 31 degree with optical microscopy to 17 degree with X-ray microscopy at the track length of range from 150 nm to 250 nm. We are developing the practical system and planning for start of the test running with prototype detector.

NEWS: Nuclear Emulsions for WIMP Search

Nowadays there is compelling evidence for the existence of dark matter in the Universe. A general consensus has been expressed on the need for a directional sensitive detector to confirm, with a complementary approach, the candidates found in conventional searches and to finally extend their sensitivity beyond the limit of neutrino-induced background. We propose here the use of a detector based on nuclear emulsions to measure the direction of WIMP-induced nuclear recoils. The production of nuclear emulsion films with nanometric grains is established. Several measurement campaigns have demonstrated the capability of detecting sub-micrometric tracks left by low energy ions in such emulsion films. Innovative analysis technologies with fully automated optical microscopes have made it possible to achieve the track reconstruction for path lengths down to one hundred nanometers and there are good prospects to further exceed this limit. The detector concept we propose foresees the use of a bulk of nuclear emulsion films surrounded by a shield from environmental radioactivity, to be placed on an equatorial telescope in order to cancel out the effect of the Earth rotation, thus keeping the detector at a fixed orientation toward the expected direction of galactic WIMPs. We report the schedule and cost estimate for a one-kilogram mass pilot experiment, aiming at delivering the first results on the time scale of six years.

A novel approach to dark matter search based on nanometric emulsions

The most convincing candidate as main constituent of the dark matter in the Universe consists of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMP). WIMPs must be electrically neutral and interact with a very low cross-section (σ < 10−40 cm2) which makes them detectable in direct searches only through the observation of nuclear recoils induced by the WIMP rare scatterings. In the experiments carried out so far, recoiled nuclei are searched for as a signal over a background produced by Compton electrons and neutron scatterings. Signal found by some experiments have not been confirmed by other techniques. None of these experiments is able to detect the track, typically less than one micron long, of the recoiled nucleus and therefore none is able to directly detect the incoming direction of WIMPs. We propose an R&D program for a new experimental method able to observe the track of the scattered nucleus based on new developments in the nuclear emulsion technique: films with nanometric silver grains, expansion of emulsions and very fast completely automated scanning systems. Nuclear emulsions would act both as the WIMP target and as the tracking detector able to reconstruct the direction of the recoiled nucleus. This unique characteristic would provide a new and unambiguous signature of the presence of the dark matter in our galaxy.

Analysis system of submicron particle tracks in the fine-grained nuclear emulsion by a combination of hard x-ray and optical microscopy

Analyses of nuclear emulsion detectors that can detect and identify charged particles or radiation as tracks have typically utilized optical microscope systems because the targets have lengths from several μm to more than 1000 μm. For recent new nuclear emulsion detectors that can detect tracks of submicron length or less, the current readout systems are insufficient due to their poor resolution. In this study, we developed a new system and method using an optical microscope system for rough candidate selection and the hard X-ray microscope system at SPring-8 for high-precision analysis with a resolution of better than 70 nm resolution. Furthermore, we demonstrated the analysis of submicron-length tracks with a matching efficiency of more than 99% and position accuracy of better than 5 μm. This system is now running semi-automatically.

Nuclear emulsions as a very high resolution detector for directional dark matter search

The use of nuclear emulsions in particle physics dates back to the very early stages. They are now used when an extremely high position resolution is required like in the search for short lived particles. The capability to detect nuclear recoils induced by WIMPs relies on the possibility to detect sub-micrometric trajectories. Recently nuclear emulsions with silver grains of 20 nm diameter were developed, opening the way for the reconstruction of nanometric particles. This challenging purpose requires the development of fully automated optical readout systems for a fast scanning of the emulsion films. This is meant for a pre-selection of recoil candidates. Once candidates have been identified, a fine grained X-ray microscope is used to detect the grains making up the tracks. We report here the present results on the current development along this line.

Status and analysis system of directional dark matter search with nuclear emulsion

We have been doing research and development for direct dark matter search by nuclear emulsion which is a solid state detector. This experiment enable directional detection of dark matter with the large mass target and model independent. Until now, we constructed a base of fully automatic analysis system and nuclear emulsion which can detect sub-micron tracks. We have demonstrated that it is possible to detect recoiled tracks of 100 nm or more by neutron irradiation. This track length is correspond to 37 keV in C(N,O) target. Additionally, we evaluated the angular resolution of the energy basis by using an ion implant system, and obtained 25 degrees or better resolution in 80 keV carbon ions. The fully automatic analysis system which can analyze very short tracks lead the experiment to next phase, we will do a quantitative study of the background toward gram scale test experiment at the Gran Sasso underground laboratory.

Discovery potential for directional Dark Matter detection with nuclear emulsions

Direct Dark Matter searches are nowadays one of the most fervid research topics with many experimental efforts devoted to the search for nuclear recoils induced by the scattering of Weakly Interactive Massive Particles (WIMPs). Detectors able to reconstruct the direction of the nucleus recoiling against the scattering WIMP are opening a new frontier to possibly extend Dark Matter searches beyond the neutrino background. Exploiting directionality would also prove the galactic origin of Dark Matter with an unambiguous signal-to-background separation. Indeed, the angular distribution of recoiled nuclei is centered around the direction of the Cygnus constellation, while the background distribution is expected to be isotropic. Current directional experiments are based on gas TPC whose sensitivity is limited by the small achievable detector mass. In this paper we present the discovery potential of a directional experiment based on the use of a solid target made of newly developed nuclear emulsions and of optical read-out systems reaching unprecedented nanometric resolution.

New readout system for submicron tracks with nuclear emulsion

In this paper, we summarize a newly developed automatic readout system, composed of a microscope with an optics stage, to analyze charged particle tracks of less than 1 μm recorded in a fine-grained nuclear emulsion. This systems optics have the high spatial resolution, epi-illumination, and xenon-mercury lamp necessary to achieve sufficient contrast and brightness for small silver grains up to about 40 nm in diameter. Methods of shape recognition and focus point acquisition were developed that enabled the system to identify submicron tracks corresponding to nuclei on the order of 10–100 keV.

Detector developing for directional dark matter search with nuclear emulsion

We are planing the directional dark matter search experiment with nuclear emulsion. Recoiled atoms inside of the emulsion fly several hundred nm, and it is too short to detect with usual emulsion. Fine crystal emulsion was needed to detect such tracks. We developed new method to produce them and succeeded to make crystals small as 20 nm at the minimum size. We also study several methods to improve sensitivity and reduce background noise to survey very interesting cross section region.