Takashi Muraoka

The natural 15N abundance of sugarcane and neighbouring plants in Brazil, the Philippines and Miyako (Japan)

The contribution of nitrogen fixation by sugarcane plants grown in the fields at various sites in Brazil, at a few sites in the Philippines and in Miyako Island (Japan) was examined using the difference in natural 15N abundance (δ15N) in the leaves of sugarcane compared to those of neighbouring plants. The sugarcane plants from Três Poutas of Minas Gerais State, Cerquilho, Novo Horizonte, Igarapava, Itápolis, Assis of São Paulo State in Brazil showed lower δ15N values than the neighbouring plants with an average contribution of N2 fixation to total plant N of 30% (ranging from zero to 72%). The sugarcane from Gerona in the Philippines and from three sites in Miyako Island indicated significant contribution of N2 fixation. In other sites examined in Brazil and in the Philippines, the contribution of N2 fixation was not clear.

Natural abundance of 15N in tropical plants with emphasis on tree legumes

Natural abundance of 15N (δ 15N) of leaves harvested from tropical plants in Brazil and Thailand was analyzed. The δ 15N values of non-N2-fixing trees in Brazil were +4.5±1.9‰, which is lower than those of soil nitrogen (+8.0±2.2‰). In contrast, mimosa and kudzu had very low δ 15N values (−1.4≈+0.5‰). The δ 15N values of Panicum maximum and leguminous trees, except Leucaena leucocephala, were similar to those of non-N2-fixing trees, suggesting that the contribution of fixed N in these plants is negligible. The δ 15N values of non-N2-fixing trees in Thailand were +4.9±2.0‰. Leucaena leucocephala, Sesbania grandiflora, Casuarina spp. and Cycas spp. had low δ 15N values, close to the value of atmospheric N2 (0‰), pointing to a major contribution of N2 fixation in these plants. Cassia spp. and Tamarindus indica had high δ 15N values, which confirms that these species are non-nodulating legumes. The δ 15N values of Acacia spp. and Gliricidia sepium and other potentially nodulating tree legumes were, on average, slightly lower than those of non-N2-fixing trees, indicating a small contribution of N2 fixation in these legumes.

Heavy metals in vegetables and potential risk for human health

Ingestion of vegetables containing heavy metals is one of the main ways in which these elements enter the human body. Once entered, heavy metals are deposited in bone and fat tissues, overlapping noble minerals. Slowly released into the body, heavy metals can cause an array of diseases. This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of cadmium, nickel, lead, cobalt and chromium in the most frequently consumed foodstuff in the Sao Paulo State, Brazil and to compare the heavy metal contents with the permissible limits established by the Brazilian legislation. A value of intake of heavy metals in human diets was also calculated to estimate the risk to human health. Vegetable samples were collected at the Sao Paulo General Warehousing and Centers Company, and the heavy metal content was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. All sampled vegetables presented average concentrations of Cd and Ni lower than the permissible limits established by the Brazilian legislation. Pb and Cr exceeded the limits in 44 % of the analyzed samples. The Brazilian legislation does not establish a permissible limit for Co contents. Regarding the consumption habit of the population in the Sao Paulo State, the daily ingestion of heavy metals was below the oral dose of reference, therefore, consumption of these vegetables can be considered safe and without risk to human health.

Relationship between acidity and chemical properties of brazilian soils

In soils of tropical climate regions the high acidity and the presence of exchangeable aluminum (Al3+), associated to low fertility, are the main restrainting factors for agricultural production. A laboratory experiment was conducted using 26 soils of different Brazilian regions, to investigate soil acidity components, giving emphasis to Al and their relations with chemical properties. The pH correlated positively with P, Ca, Mg, K, BS, CEC and V% values, and negatively with Al saturation. The Al3+ was the predominant exchangeable cation in 32% of the soils with pH below 5.6. The KCl titratable H+ represents the hydroxi-Al(OH)x complex with low stability and the Wolf-Morgan extracted Al corresponds to the exchangeable + non-exchangeable Al species. The Al3+ and low stability hydroxi-Al decreased quickly with increasing pH up to 5.5. The non-exchangeable Al increased up to pH 4.5, then decreased to pH 5.5 and had a small increment from 7.0 to 7.5.

UTILIZAÇÃO DE NITROGÊNIO DE ADUBOS VERDE E MINERAL PELO MILHO

Desenvolveu-se, na Estacao Experimental de Piracicaba - Instituto Agronomico (SAA-SP), de marco/94 a setembro/95, um experimento para avaliar o potencial de fornecimento de nitrogenio de adubos, verde e mineral, aplicados, de forma exclusiva ou combinada, na cultura do milho. Em uma primeira fase, produziram-se, simultaneamente, mucuna-preta sem marcacao isotopica no campo e adubo verde marcado com 15N em casa de vegetacao e, na segunda, a mucuna-preta foi incorporada ao solo, cultivando-se, em seguida, milho. O experimento constou dos seguintes tratamentos: testemunha, 15N-mucuna-preta (4,4 t ha-1 de materia seca e 25,8 g kg-1 de N), 15N-ureia (50 e 100 kg ha-1 de N) e as possiveis combinacoes de mucuna-preta e ureia marcadas ou nao com 15N. Esses foram dispostos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repeticoes. O solo forneceu a maior parte do N acumulado nas plantas de milho, seguido, em ordem decrescente, pela ureia e mucuna-preta. A contribuicao da ureia para o N acumulado nas plantas de milho foi proporcional a dose aplicada. O aproveitamento de nitrogenio da ureia pelo milho foi maior que o da mucuna-preta, sendo os melhores efeitos proporcionados pela combinacao das duas fontes.

Utilization of nitrogen from green manure and mineral fertilizer by sugarcane

Given their potential for biological nitrogen fixation, legumes used as green manure are an alternative source of nitrogen to crops, and can supplement or even replace mineral nitrogen fertilization. The utilization of nitrogen by sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) fertilized with sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) and ammonium sulphate (AS) was evaluated using the 15N tracer technique. Amounts of 195.8 kg and 70 kg N per hectare, respectively, of sunn hemp and AS were added in the following treatments: without green manure and without AS; without green manure, with AS -15N; with green manure-15N and with AS; with green manure-15N, without AS; with green manure and with AS-15N. Four samples from the leaves +3 were collected and 2 m of the sugar cane row were harvested to estimate crop yield. The results for N contents (g kg-1), isotopic abundance of N (atoms % 15N) in leaf +3 samples, and sugarcane productivity were used to calculate cumulative N, nitrogen in the plant derived from the fertilizer-Ndff (% and kg ha-1), as well as percent recovery of fertilizer N (R%). Sugarcane was analysed and pol and total recovered sugar calculated. The highest Ndff percentages were observed eight months after sugarcane planting for treatments containing green manure without mineral N, and green manure with mineral N, at 15.3 and 18.4%, respectively. The best nitrogen recovery was observed during harvest, 18 months after planting; the treatment containing mineral fertilizer showed 34.4% recovery, while the sum between mineral N plus green manure N showed 40.0%. Treatments containing green manure plus mineral N changed soil attributes, by increasing Ca and Mg contents, sum of bases, pH, and base saturation, and decreasing potential acidity. In the plant, those treatments increased Ca and K contents.

Effect of a nitrification inhibitor on immobilization and mineralization of soil and fertilizer nitrogen.

Abstract The effect of nitrapyrin (N-Serve 24E) on N transformations in an actively nitrifying soil was studied in the laboratory in unlabelled soil and soil labelled with ( 15 NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 . Samples were incubated for 12 days with sampling every 3 days. Nitrapyrin (12.8 μg g −1 soil) inhibited nitrification by 90% at day 12, but had no effect on net N mineralization. However, gross rates of N immobilization and N mineralization, estimated by isotope-dilution, were slightly inhibited by nitrapyrin. The addition of ( 15 NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 did not affect net N mineralization, but the quantity of unlabelled (NH + 4 + NO − 3 )-N extracted in inhibitor-treated and untreated samples increased. The increased quantity of unlabelled inorganic-N was similar to the amount of labelled N immobilized, suggesting an apparent added N interaction due to pool substitution. The inhibitor had no effect on the added N interaction.

Aproveitamento do nitrogênio (15N) da crotalária e do milheto pelo milho sob plantio direto em Latossolo Vermelho de Cerrado

The cultivation of green manure in the fallow ground alter the dynamics and the recovery of the nitrogen by corn in the soil-plant system. The objective of this work was to evaluate the utilization of nitrogen (15N) from sun hemp and millet by corn grown under different N rates in no-tillage in Red Latosol of Cerrado. The research was carried in the Experimental Farm of Faculty of Engineering, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Ilha Solteira, located in Selviria-MS, Brazil, during the 2001/02 and 2002/03 growing season. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks, with 15 treatments and four replications in a factorial 5 x 3, constituted by the combination of five N rates (0, 30, 80, 130 and 180kg ha-1), as urea, applied at four leaf stage; and three preceding cover crops: sun hemp, millet and fallow ground. The inorganic N promoted a synergic effect on the amount of absorbed N and utilization of sun hemp and millet N by the corn crop. The sun hemp, in average for two growing season, provided in the corn cultivated without the application of N an equivalent effect of the application of 56.0 and 73.0kg ha-1 as urea, compared to the corn grown in fallow soil and in succession to millet, respectively. The grain yield increased in a quadratic way in function of the N rates, in the two growing season.

Root activity patterns in an Amazonian agroforest with fruit trees determined by 32P, 33P and 15N applications

In a multi-strata agroforestry system in the central Amazon near Manaus, we studied the root activity distribution of different fruit trees and a legume cover crop in comparison to monocultures and a secondary forest site. Uptake of applied 32P, 33P and 15N from 0.1, 0.6 and 1.5 m depth was compared in both the dry and wet season. The results obtained with 32P were similar to those with 15N but showed a higher variability, probably due to the lower mobility of P than N in soil and thus the labeling of a smaller soil volume with 32P. During the dry season, topsoil root activity measured with 15N was around 80% for all species with the exception of the palm tree Bactris gasipaes Kunth., which had a higher uptake from 0.6 m (50%) than from 0.1 m (30%). The subsoil (1.5 m) root activity was higher, when Bactris was not regularly cut for heart of palm harvest but grown for fruit production. Additionally, relative subsoil root activity of Theobroma increased and topsoil root activity of both Bactris and Theobroma decreased when intercropped in comparison to the monoculture. During the rainy season, the topsoil tree root activity slightly increased attributable to increasing water availability near the soil surface. The lowest isotope enrichment was noted for the secondary forest trees despite their low above ground biomass. The magnitude of the isotope enrichment was related to the foliar P and less pronounced to the foliar N contents, indicating higher nutrient cycling for nutrient-rich plant species. Despite the significant subsoil root activity (1.5 m) there was little evidence that large amounts of nutrients below 1 m depth can be recycled by the investigated tree species. More important may be a rapid recycling of nutrients from 0–1 m depth.

Utilização do nitrogênio da palha de milho e de adubos verdes pela cultura do milho

The quality of commercial crop residues and green manure influences the N mineralization-immobilization rate and the respective use by subsequent crops. With the objective of evaluating N utilization by corn of N from the shoot and root system of sunnhemp (Crotolaria juncea) and millet (Pennicetum americanum) and corn straw, labeled with 15N, a green house experiment was carried out at the Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA/USP), Piracicaba, S. Paulo, Brazil, in 5 kg pots with dystroferric Red Latosol in a completely randomized design, with four replications and the following six treatments: T1 = 15N labeled corn straw (above ground part, except grains) (80 mg kg-1 N in soil); T2 = 15N labeled millet root (30 mg kg-1 in soil); T3 = 15N labeled millet shoot (80 mg kg-1 N in soil); T4 = 15N labeled sunnhemp root (30 mg kg-1 N in soil); T5 = 15N labeled sunnhemp shoot (80 mg kg-1 N in soil) and T6 = treatment without addition of organic N source. In the treatments with 15N labeled root application, unlabeled shoot at the same amount added as in those where labeled shoot was applied, and vice-versa. The roots were incorporated into the soil and shoots left on the surface. To evaluate N absorption from 15N corn straw (7.35 Mg ha-1, equivalent to 56 kg ha-1 N) by corn crop, a field experiment was carried out, in the same area where the soil for the green house experiment had been collected. The amount of corn N derived from sunnhemp (111.80 mg pot-1 N) was higher than from millet (30.98 mg pot-1 N), which in turn higher was than from corn plant residues (11.80 mg pot-1 N). Sunnhemp resulted in highest nitrogen absorption and dry matter weight of the corn crop. The corn utilized more N from sunnhemp shoot than from roots, but there was no difference in N derived from millet. The N absorption of corn from corn straw was 4.1 % of the initial amount in the field experiment.