Tamás Deli

Establishment of Biomphalaria tenagophila snails in Europe

To the Editor: Schistosomiasis, known since ancient times, is caused by blood flukes (Trematoda: Schistosomidae). It is a major communicable disease with public health and socioeconomic effects in the developing world (1). Among parasitic diseases, schistosomiasis ranks second only to malaria with regard to the number of persons infected and at risk. The life cycle of schistosomes is complex, requiring specific freshwater snails as intermediate hosts for larvae development and multiplication. Among Schistosoma species that affect humans, Schistosoma mansoni is the most likely to invade new areas mainly because of the adaptability and invasiveness of its intermediate host, Biomphalaria snails. Natural populations of these snails are usually found in tropical standing water or freshwater in South America and Africa, but they also reach 30° latitude in subtropical areas (1,2). Many species of these red-blooded planorbid snails (Gastropoda: Basommatophora) are able to survive a long time when removed from their freshwater habitat (1). Of the 34 Biomphalaria species, 4 (B. glabrata, B. pfeifferi, B. straminea, and B. tenagophila) have recently expanded their native ranges (3). They have been introduced to areas where other Biomphalaria species are endemic (e.g., Congo and Egypt) or to subtropical zones that have no frost period (Texas, Louisiana, Florida, Hong Kong) (3,4). None of the known invasions, whether peripheral range expansion or long distance dispersal, reached the temperate zone. Spreading of the blood-fluke snails to schistosome-free areas may enable the parasite to colonize new habitats concurrently, expanding the potential area of clinical schistosomiasis. n nWe collected these snails in spring 2005, autumn 2006, and autumn 2007, near Răbăgani, Romania, Eastern Europe (46°45′1.3′′N, 22°12′44.8′′E) in a hypothermal spring. Water temperature was 25°C in the spring and 16°C–25°C, gradually decreasing, along the brook course. In and beside an abandoned concrete pool next to the spring, we collected 100 shells and 34 living specimens that macroscopically resembled Biomphalaria spp. snails. All 16 dissected animals proved to be fully developed adults, according to the maturity of their genital organs (Figure). Using available identification keys (5), we tentatively identified these snails as B. tenagophila. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the Hungarian Natural History Museum (accession nos. HNHM96857 and HNHM95433). n n n nFigure n nA) Shell morphology of Biomphalaria tenagophila snail from Romania. Diameter of the shell was 10–14 mm. The sinistrally coiled, flat shells are yellow-brown, discoidal, deeply and symmetrically biconcave, and consist of 5 or 6 slowly increasing ... n n n nDNA was extracted from the foot muscles of 3 specimens by using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). For amplification of the partial mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene, we used a PCR with primers 16Sar and 16Sbr (6). Nucleotide sequences were determined in both directions. PCR products of ≈430 bp were detected from all 3 samples. Automatic cycle sequencing of the randomly selected amplicon (GenBank accession no. {type:entrez-nucleotide,attrs:{text:EU069412,term_id:157825122,term_text:EU069412}}EU069412) showed 99.74% similarity to B. tenagophila ({type:entrez-nucleotide,attrs:{text:AF449615,term_id:21913254,term_text:AF449615}}AF449615, Brazil). n nOur morphologic, anatomic, and molecular data unambiguously prove the occurrence of B. tenagophila snails in Romania. B. tenagophila snails had been found earlier (in 2004) at this location but had presumably been misidentified as dwarf specimens of a common European species, Planorbarius corneus (7). Consequently, B. tenagophila snails have been not only introduced, but also established in Răbăgani, representing the furthest self-sustaining population of this species from the equator. n nB. tenagophila is a new species for the European fauna. It could represent a founder population of unknown origin for further spread into Europe, which might easily be accomplished by migrating birds or more likely by plants used in aquariums (3). Although no trematode larvae were detected in the observed specimens, clinical schistosomiasis can be imported by immigrants or tourists into Europe, as has been reported in Romania and neighboring Hungary (8,9). If eggs were released in feces of humans infected with the blood flukes, they could hatch in the environment and the larvae could develop to an infective stage in these snails. The observed local cultural and social factors involving natural water (washing clothes, bathing) in Răbăgani where B. tenagophila have been found may also increase the chance of human infection. n nWe believe that B. tenagophila in Europe, together with the global climate change and a possible encounter of these snails with schistosomes, could pose a public health risk. Measures must be taken to prevent the spread of this species into European freshwater. Chemical control is not possible in Răbăgani because it is an area where other rare and endangered snail species are protected (7). Therefore, the manual collection and removal of all the B. tenagophila specimens in the area seems to be the only possibility for eradication, which might remain in effect for years. To avoid similar establishments, we suggest regular malacologic and parasitologic surveillance of at least the thermal and hypothermal water bodies for these tropical invaders around European settlements.

Revision of the subterranean genus Spelaeodiscus Brusina, 1886 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Spelaeodiscidae)

Abstract The Balkan genus Spelaeodiscus Brusina, 1886 is revised based on museum collections and newly collected samples from Montenegro and Albania. The following species and subspecies are introduced as new to science: Spelaeodiscus albanicus edentatus Páll-Gergely & P. L. Reischütz, ssp. n. (southern Montenegro and northern Albania), Spelaeodiscus densecostatus Páll-Gergely & A. Reischütz, sp. n., Spelaeodiscus hunyadii Páll-Gergely & Deli, sp. n., Spelaeodiscus latecostatus Páll-Gergely & Erőss, sp. n. (all three from southern Montenegro), Spelaeodiscus unidentatus acutus Páll-Gergely & Fehér, ssp. n., and Spelaeodiscus virpazarioides Páll-Gergely & Fehér, sp. n. (both from northern Albania). For all species and subspecies diagnoses and suggestions for conservation status assessments according to IUCN criteria are provided. An overview is given regarding the habitat preference of Spelaeodiscus species, and the “scratch and flotate” method to collect subterranean gastropods.

Reconstructed historical distribution and phylogeography unravels non-steppic origin of Caucasotachea vindobonensis (Gastropoda: Helicidae)

Existing data on the phylogeography of European taxa of steppic provenance suggests that species were widely distributed during glacial periods but underwent range contraction and fragmentation during interglacials into “warm-stage refugia.” Among the steppe-related invertebrates that have been examined, the majority has been insects, but data on the phylogeography of snails is wholly missing. To begin to fill this gap, phylogeographic and niche modeling studies on the presumed steppic snail Caucasotachea vindobonensis were conducted. Surprisingly, reconstruction of ancestral areas suggests that extant C. vindobonensis probably originated in the Balkans and survived there during the Late Pleistocene glaciations, with a more recent colonization of the Carpatho-Pannonian and the Ponto-Caspian regions. In the Holocene, C. vindobonensis colonized between the Sudetes and the Carpathians to the north, where its recent and current distribution may have been facilitated by anthropogenic translocations. Together, these data suggest a possible non-steppic origin of C. vindobonensis. Further investigation may reveal the extent to which the steppic snail assemblages consist partly of Holocene newcomers.