Taraneh Mirzadegan

Design of annulated pyrazoles as inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are recommended components of preferred combination antiretroviral therapies used for the treatment of HIV. These regimens are extremely effective in suppressing virus replication. Structure-based optimization of diaryl ether inhibitors led to the discovery of a new series of pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridazine NNRTIs that bind the reverse transcriptase enzyme of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-RT) in an expanded volume relative to most other inhibitors in this class.The binding mode maintains the beta13 and beta14 strands bearing Pro236 in a position similar to that in the unliganded reverse transcriptase structure, and the distribution of interactions creates the opportunity for substantial resilience to single point mutations. Several pyrazolopyridazine NNRTIs were found to be highly effective against wild-type and NNRTI-resistant viral strains in cell culture.

Structural Basis of Small-Molecule Aggregate Induced Inhibition of a Protein-Protein Interaction.

A prevalent observation in high-throughput screening and drug discovery programs is the inhibition of protein function by small-molecule compound aggregation. Here, we present the X-ray structural description of aggregation-based inhibition of a protein-protein interaction involving tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). An ordered conglomerate of an aggregating small-molecule inhibitor (JNJ525) induces a quaternary structure switch of TNFα that inhibits the protein-protein interaction between TNFα and TNFα receptors. SPD-304 may employ a similar mechanism of inhibition.

Determination of a Focused Mini Kinase Panel for Early Identification of Selective Kinase Inhibitors

We analyzed an extensive data set of 3000 Janssen kinase inhibitors (spanning some 40 therapeutic projects) profiled at 414 kinases in the DiscoverX KINOME scan to better understand the necessity of using such a full kinase panel versus simply profiling ones compound at a much smaller number of kinases, or mini kinase panel (MKP), to assess its selectivity. To this end, we generated a series of MKPs over a range of sizes and of varying kinase membership using Monte Carlo simulations. By defining the kinase hit index (KHI), we quantified a compounds selectivity based on the number of kinases it hits. We find that certain combinations (rather than a random selection) of kinases can result in a much lower average error. Indeed, we identified a focused MKP with a 45.1% improvement in the average error (compared to random) that yields an overall correlation of R2 = 0.786-0.826 for the KHI compared to the full kinase panel value. Unlike using a full kinase panel, which is both time and cost restrictive, a focused MKP is amenable to the triaging of all early stage compounds. In this way, promiscuous compounds are filtered out early on, leaving the most selective compounds for lead optimization.