Tatiana De Nardi

Crack cocaine addiction, early life stress and accelerated cellular aging among women

BACKGROUND Early life stress (ELS) and addiction are related to age-related diseases and telomere shortening. However, the role of telomere length (TL) in crack cocaine addiction remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the TL in a sample of crack cocaine dependent-women who reported an ELS history and in a community-based sample of elderly women as a reference group for senescence. METHODS This study included treatment seeking crack cocaine dependents women (n=127) and elderly women without a psychiatric diagnosis (ELD, n=49). The crack cocaine sample was divided in two groups according to their Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) scores: presence of history of childhood abuse and neglect (CRACK-ELS) and absence of ELS history (CRACK). TL was assessed by T/S ratio obtained from peripheral blood DNA using quantitative PCR assay. RESULTS CRACK and CRACK-ELS subjects exhibited shortened TL in comparison to the ELD group, despite their younger age. Among crack cocaine sample, CRACK-ELS group had significantly shorter telomeres than the CRACK group. Correlation analysis within crack cocaine group indicated that TL was negatively correlated with emotional abuse scores. CONCLUSIONS These results support previous findings associating telomere shortening with both ELS and drug addiction. This study suggests new evidence of a distinct biological phenotype for drug-dependent women with ELS. The results support the biological senescence hypothesis underpinning ELS experience.

Premature Immunosenescence Is Associated with Memory Dysfunction in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been associated with premature immunosenescence and an increased prevalence of age-related morbidities including poor cognitive function. Objective: We explored the relationships among lymphocyte subsets and memory in RA. Methods: Thirty patients with RA and 19 age-matched healthy controls took part in this study. Cognitive function stress and depression scores were evaluated by structured clinical questionnaires. Lymphocytes were isolated and immunophenotyped by flow cytometry to investigate the following subsets: B cells, activated and naïve/memory T cells, regulatory FoxP3+ T (Treg) cells, Th17+ cells, NK cells and senescence-associated CD28- T cells. Results: RA patients were more depressed than controls, but stress levels were similar in the 2 groups. Patients had impaired memory performance compared to controls, demonstrated by lower Mini-Mental State Examination scores and logical and working memories (all p < 0.0001). These group effects remained significant after correcting for depression and age. Patients had expansion of regulatory T cells, naïve CD4+ T cells and CD8+CD28- cells but reduced percentages of B cells and memory CD8+CD45RO+ T cells compared to controls. CD8+CD28- and CD8+CD45RO+ T cells were found to be negatively associated with memory. Conclusion: RA patients had reduced memory performance compared to healthy controls. Expansion of activated and senescence-associated T cells was correlated with poor memory performance.

Crack-cocaine dependence and aging: effects on working memory

Objective: To compare the working memory (WM) performance of young adult crack-cocaine dependent users, healthy older adults, and a control group of healthy young adults. Methods: A total of 77 female participants took part in this study: 26 young adult crack-cocaine dependent users (CRK), 19 healthy older adults (HO), and 32 healthy younger adults (HC). All participants completed the N-back verbal task. Results: A multivariate analysis of covariance was performed. The model included education, income, and medication use as covariates. A group effect (F6,140 = 7.192, p < 0.001) was found. Post-hoc analyses showed that the performance of the CRK and HO groups was reduced compared to the HC group in two N-back conditions. No differences between the HO and CRK groups on WM performance were found. Conclusions: CRK participants perform similar to HO participants on a WM task, despite the well-known effects of age on WM and the young age of CRK. These data point to a possible parallel between cognitive declines associated with crack use and developmental aging.

The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene Val66Met polymorphism affects memory performance in older adults.

Objective: Memory impairment is an important contributor to the reduction in quality of life experienced by older adults, and genetic risk factors seem to contribute to variance in age-related cognitive decline. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important nerve growth factor linked with development and neural plasticity. The Val66Met polymorphism in the BDNF gene has been associated with impaired episodic memory in adults, but whether this functional variant plays a role in cognitive aging remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on memory performance in a sample of elderly adults. Methods: Eighty-seven subjects aged > 55 years were recruited using a community-based convenience sampling strategy in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The logical memory subset of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised was used to assess immediate verbal recall (IVR), delayed verbal recall (DVR), and memory retention rate. Results: BDNF Met allele carriers had lower DVR scores (p = 0.004) and a decline in memory retention (p = 0.017) when compared to Val/Val homozygotes. However, we found no significant differences in IVR between the two groups (p = 0.088). Conclusion: These results support the hypothesis of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism as a risk factor associated with cognitive impairment, corroborating previous findings in young and older adults.

Tarefa N-back auditiva: desempenho entre diferentes grupos etários

One of the most internationally used instruments for evaluation of Working Memory (WM) is the Auditory N-Back Task. In Brazil, resources to evaluate this system are scarce. The aim of this study is to investigate the performance of different age subjects in auditory n-back tasks. We divided the 102 subjects in four groups: 27 children, 22 adolescents, 26 young adults and 27 older adults. The results demonstrate an age-related difference in the n-back task performance. The accuracy increased in the transition from childhood to adolescence and kept growing from adolescence to adulthood. We also found a decrease in the performance of aged subjects. The Auditory N-Back Task results are in agreement with WM development trajectory, and so, it demonstrates to be an adjusted instrument to evaluate this system in experimental setting.

Sobrecarga e percepção de qualidade de vida em cuidadores de idosos do Núcleo de Atendimento à Terceira Idade do Exército (Natiex)

INTRODUCAO: Dado o envelhecimento populacional, torna-se relevante avaliar a sobrecarga e a qualidade de vida de quem cuida dos idosos. Essa pratica costuma ser ardua. O cuidador precisa acrescentar, as atividades diarias, tarefas referentes ao idoso, expondo-se a um elevado padrao de burden (sobrecarga), ou aspectos negativos associados ao cuidado de dependentes. Isso pode levar a uma piora da qualidade de vida e consequente adoecimento. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o perfil sociodemografico e a relacao entre a sobrecarga e a percepcao de qualidade de vida de cuidadores de idosos do Nucleo de Atendimento a Terceira Idade do Exercito (Natiex). METODOS: 61 participantes foram investigados a partir dos instrumentos WHOQOL-BREF e Zarit Burden Interview. RESULTADOS: Dos 61 cuidadores avaliados, 78,6% eram do sexo feminino, 75,4% filhas, 50,8% casados, 62,3% com mais de 50 anos e 95,1% exerciam a atividade sem remuneracao. Foi identificada uma relacao estatisticamente significativa entre o aumento da sobrecarga e a piora da percepcao de qualidade de vida (p<0,01). CONCLUSOES: A medida que aumenta a sobrecarga, ocorre uma piora da percepcao de qualidade de vida em todos os dominios: relacoes, psicologico, fisico e ambiental (dominio ambiente teve o maior impacto). Os resultados encontrados foram superiores a outras amostras brasileiras, possivelmente pela maior facilidade do militar a recursos de saude. Grupos de apoio a cuidadores devem ser estimulados como prevencao primaria das morbidades relacionadas ao cuidar, tendo em vista a demanda crescente de idosos dependentes em nosso meio.

BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and memory performance in older adults: the Met carrier effect is more complex than previously thought: Authors’ reply

A, Sartori J, et al. Telomere length, oxidative stress, inflammation and BDNF levels in siblings of patients with bipolar disorder: implications for accelerated cellular aging. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;20:445-54. 5 Czepielewski LS, Massuda R, Panizzutti B, da Rosa ED, de Lucena D, Macêdo D, et al. Telomere length in subjects with schizophrenia, their unaffected siblings and healthy controls: evidence of accelerated aging. Schizophr Res. 2016;174:39-42.

DÉFICITS NA MEMÓRIA DE TRABALHO EM IDOSOS COM DEPRESSÃO MAIOR: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA

Geriatric depression is related with cognitive impairments, but how this is connected to specific Working Memory deficits is still unknown. Hence, the aim of this study is to systematically review the literature about the associations between Working Memory impairments and major depression in the elderly. Thus we performed a systematic review, considering published articles in major international databases between 2000 and 2011. After exclusion criteria, 17 articles were fully reviewed. There is evidence that there is indeed an association between depression in elderly and Working Memory impairments. In addition, some articles found that such deficits are sustained even after mood symptoms remission.