Tatiana S. Fiuza

Determinação de taninos e metilxantinas no guaraná em pó (Paullinia cupana Kunth, Sapindaceae) por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência

As sementes de guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth, Sapindaceae) sao utilizadas como estimulante e os principais constituintes quimicos sao as metilxantinas e os taninos, tais como catequina e epicatequina. Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar um metodo por cromatografia liquida de alta eficiencia (CLAE) para quantificar, simultaneamente, cafeina, teofilina, teobromina, catequina e epicatequina em po de guarana. Os valores obtidos foram comparados com os resultados encontrados no metodo espectrofotometrico da Farmacopeia Brasileira IV ed. Pelo metodo cromatografico, os teores de metilxantinas e taninos totais foram de 4,04% e 1,48%, respectivamente. Os teores de metilxantinas e taninos totais, obtidos pelo metodo espectrofotometrico, foram de 4,88% e 4,05%, respectivamente. Acredita-se que, nas condicoes experimentais empregadas, o metodo espectrofotometrico nao foi especifico, quantificando outras substâncias fenolicas presentes no guarana. Portanto, sugere-se o emprego desse metodo cromatografico no controle de qualidade do guarana em po, por ser preciso, sensivel, especifico e rapido.

Análise tecidual e celular das brânquias de Oreochromis niloticus L. tratadas com extrato etanólico bruto e frações das folhas da pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) - Myrtaceae

ABSTRACT: Tissue and cell analysis of O reochromis niloticus L. gill treated with crudeethanol extract and fractions from pitanga ( Eugenia uniflora L.) leaves – Myrtaceae. Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae) is a plant found in the Cerrado biome and traditionally used in thetreatment of diarrheas, inflammations, hyperglycemia and hypertension. Previous studies haverevealed in vitro antimicrobial activity of E. uniflora. Considering its popular use, this study aimedto assess possible systemic cellular and tissue activities of the crude extract and the fractionsfrom the leaves of this plant on Oreochromis niloticus L. (Nile tilapia) gill. Thus, ethanol extractand fractions from the leaves of this plant were orally administered to the fish in their rations. After24 hours, the fish were sacrificed and the second gill arch of each fish was dissected, fixed inneutral formalin, dehydrated, embedded in paraffin and sectioned. Masson’s trichome andhematoxylin and eosin (HE) were used in the histological analyses. Qualitative analyses using alight microscope led to the conclusion that the crude ethanol extract and the fractions from

The effect of crude ethanol extract and fractions of Hyptidendron canum (Pohl ex Benth.) Harley on the hepatopancreas of Oreochromis niloticus L

Hyptidendron canum (Pohl ex Benth.) Harley is a native tree of the Brazilian Savannah. The fish Oreochromis niloticus L. was used as an experimental model to determine the bioactivity of the crude ethanol extract as well as ethyl acetate, hexanic and chloroform fractions obtained from its leaves. The plant ethanol extract and fractions were administered to the fish orally with their feed. Twenty four hours later, the fish were sacrificed and their livers dissected, fixed in neutral formalin, embedded in paraffin and sectioned. Histological analyses were performed using Massons trichrome and Haematoxylin-Eosin. Histochemical studies were performed using Feulgen, PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) and PAS + salivary amylase and Sudan IV stain. The qualitative analysis of the material showed that both the crude ethanol extract and the fractions from H. canum induced vasoactive activity, causing vasodilation and vascular congestion, and the hexanic fraction also caused an apparent proliferation of capillaries. Hepatopancreas toxicity was evident through inflammatory processes. Pancreatic (chloroform fraction) and hepatic alterations, hemorrhagic spots and necroses were observed in fish treated with-ethanol extract and fractions. This study is the first description of the biologic action of the crude ethanol extract and the hexane, ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions in fish.

Essential oil composition, antimicrobial and pharmacological activities of Lippia sidoides cham. (verbenaceae) from São Gonçalo do Abaeté, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Background: Lippia sidoides (Verbenaceae) is used in Brazilian folk medicine as an antiseptic, and it is usually applied topically on skin, mucous membranes, mouth, and throat, or used for vaginal washings. Objectives: To analyze the chemical composition of the essential oil from L. sidoides collected in São Gonçalo do Abaeté, Minas Gerais and grown in Hidrolândia, Goiás; to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil, crude ethanol extract, and hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl-acetate, and aqueous fractions (AFs); to study the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and central nervous system activities of the crude ethanol extract. Materials and methods: The essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed by GC/MS. The antimicrobial activity in vitro was performed by broth microdilution method. The pharmacological tests were performed using female Swiss albino mice. Results: The major components of the essential oil were isoborneol (14.66%), bornyl acetate (11.86%), α -humulene (11.23%), α -fenchene (9.32%), and 1.8-cineole (7.05%), supporting the existence of two chemotypes of this species. The hexane fraction (HF) had good antifungal activity against Cryptococcus sp. ATCC D (MIC = 31.25 μg/mL) and Cryptococcus gatti L48 (MIC = 62.5 μg/mL). In the pharmacological tests, the crude ethanol extract presented antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. Conclusion: Given that the ethanol extract of L. sidoides is included in the Formulary of Phytotherapeutic Agents of the Brazilian Pharmacopeia as an anti-inflammatory for oral cavities, the present work provides scientific evidence to back this use and highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate chemotype on the basis of the expected biological response. Abbreviations used: UFG: Universidade Federal de Goiás; HF: hexane fraction; DF: dichloromethane fraction; EAF: ethyl acetate fraction; AF: aqueous fraction; MeOH: methanol; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration; ATCC: American Type Culture Collection; MH: Müller Hinton; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; RPMI: Roswell Park Memorial Institute; NaCl: sodium chloride; μL: microliters; mL: milliliters; μg: microgram; kg: kilogram; h: hour; min: minute; cm: centimeter; COBEA: Brazilian College of Animal Experiments; p.o.:, oral; i.p.: intraperitoneal; s.c.: subcutaneous; SEM: standard error of the mean; RI: retention indices.

Composition and Chemical Variability in the Essential Oils of Hyptidendron canum (Pohl ex Benth.) Harley

Abstract The leaves and inflorescences of the ornamental and medicinal aromatic plant Hyptidendron canum were collected from four sites in the Brazilian Cerrado and their essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Results obtained by Principal Component and Cluster analysis indicated a high chemovariability in the oils from different sites. Ses-quiterpene hydrocarbons (42.6–94.6%) were the main group of volatiles, although differences in quantities of the major constituents were observed, mainly β-caryophyllene (6.0–41.6%) and amorpha-4,7(11)-diene (6.1–30.1%), and bicyclogermacrene (3.7–24.8%) with the highest levels in leaves from Bela Vista and inflorescence from the Silvânia site, respectively. On the other hand, sabinene (0–11.7%) and β-copaene-4α-ol (0–10.3%), and δ-3-carene (0–13.0%) showed the highest percentages in oil inflorescences from the Silvânia and Hidrolândia populations. High amounts of α-humulene (1.4–13.9%) and carotol (0–12.4%) were observed in leaf oils from Silvânia and Hidrolândia, respectively.

Bioactivity of crude ethanol extract and fractions of Eugenia uniflora (Myrtaceae) in the hepatopancreas of Oreochromis niloticus L.

This study evaluates the bioactivity of the crude ethanol extract and ethyl acetate, hexane and chloroform fractions obtained from Eugenia uniflora leaves using the hepatopancreas of Oreochromis niloticus L. as an experimental model. The ethanol extract and fractions were administered to the fish orally with their feed. Twenty-four hours later, the fish were sacrificed and their livers dissected, fixed in neutral formalin, embedded in paraffin and sectioned. Histological analyses were performed using Massons trichrome and Haematoxylin-Eosin. Histochemical studies were performed using Feulgen, PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) and PAS + salivary amylase and Sudan IV stain. The qualitative analysis of the material showed that the crude extract and the ethyl, chloroform and hexane fractions induced vasodilation, vascular congestion and toxicity due to the presence of eosinophilic granular cells, rodlet cells, some leukocytic infiltrate and rare focal necroses. The Nile tilapia proved to be a satisfactory model for screening plant products.

Morfoanatomia de Memora nodosa (Silva Manso) Miers, Bignoniaceae

Memora nodosa (Silva Manso) Miers, Bignoniaceae, e uma planta do Cerrado utilizada popularmente como cicatrizante de ulceras e feridas externas (folhas e caules). O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar morfologicamente essa especie e fazer o estudo anatomico de suas folhas. O estudo morfologico foi realizado a vista desarmada e com o auxilio de microscopio estereoscopico. Para o estudo anatomico as folhas foram seccionadas e as lâminas histologicas confeccionadas de acordo com as tecnicas convencionais. Memora nodosa e um arbusto com folhas opostas cruzadas, recompostas, bipinadas, imparipinadas, com foliolulos pequenos, lanceolados, verde-escuros e brilhantes. A inflorescencia e racemosa com flores infundibuliformes e corola amarelo-ouro; glândulas nectariferas sao observadas no terco superior do calice; androceu com quatro estames ferteis, didinamos e um estaminodio reduzido; gineceu com estilete terminal, ovario supero, assentado sobre um disco nectarifero. O fruto e do tipo capsula septifraga achatada, com sementes aladas. Anatomicamente a lâmina do foliolulo e hipoestomatica com estomatos predominantemente paraciticos. O parenquima palicadico e pluriestratificado, ocupando cerca de dois tercos do mesofilo dorsiventral. Tricomas glandulares e tectores sao observados, em maior numero, nas folhas jovens.

Estudo das folhas e caule de Hyptidendron canum (Pohl ex Benth. ) Harley, Lamiaceae

Hyptidendron canum(Pohl ex Benth.) Harley, Lamiaceae, is popularly used as an antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antiulcerative, antihepatotoxic and anticancer agent. The goal of this research was to perform the morphoanatomy study of H. canumleaves and stem and identify the main classes of secondary metabolites present in the of H. canumleaves. Such data have not been reported in the literature. The young leaves and stems were collected in Goiânia (GO), hand sectioned and prepared for microscope analysis. Reactions were performed for the identification of secondary metabolites of the dried and pulverized material. The crude ethanol extract was prepared and then fractioned by liquid-liquid partition with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis was performed on the fractions. The leaf blades presented adaxial epidermis constituted of polygonal cells with straight walls. On the abaxial epidermis cells with straight to wavy walls and diacytic and anisocytic stomates were noted. Non-glandular and glandular trichomes are present on both faces of the leaf blade. The petiole is grooved, and it presents single layered adaxial and abaxial epidermis. The cross section of the stem presents a generally quadrangular contour with the presence of non-glandular and glandular trichomes. The leaf reactions and TLC evidenced the presence of flavonoids, saponins, terpenes and lignanes. This works helps to increase knowledge of the morphoanatomy and the chemical classes present in H. canum.

Antimicrobial activity of the crude ethanol extract from Hyptidendron canum leaves

This study proposed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the crude ethanol extract of Hyptidendron canum (Pohl ex Benth.) Harley (Lamiaceae) leaves. The crude ethanol extract was obtained from the dried, pulverized leaves. The H. canum leaf powder was submitted to phytochemical screening. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and Candida albicans using the well diffusion test and the agar dilution method for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoid and saponinic heterosides. The extract demonstrated antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms tested. The MIC for non-sporulated Gram-positive bacteria varied from 4.37 to 17. 5 mg/mL. The sporulated Gram-positive bacteria tested had their growth inhibited by H. canum (MIC from 4.37 to 35 mg/mL). The MIC of H. canum for most of the Gram-negative bacteria was 70 mg/mL, except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC = 17. 5 mg/mL), at which concentration C. albicans was also inhibited. This is the first report of phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of H. canum.

Efeito do extrato etanólico bruto e das frações da Hyptidendron canum (Pohl ex Benth.) Harley em brânquias de Oreochromis niloticus L.

Alguns problemas relacionados a criacao intensiva de peixes estao mais evidentes devido ao aumento da aquicultura em todo o mundo, destacando-se os disturbios nutricionais e o aumento de doencas nos sistemas de producao. Com isso as pesquisas envolvendo produtos derivados de plantas vem ganhando espaco nessa area. A Hyptidendron canum e uma planta utilizada na medicina popular como antimalarica, anti-inflamatoria, antiulcerativa e anti-hepatotoxica. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar os efeitos celulares e teciduais do extrato etanolico bruto e das fracoes hexano, cloroformio e acetato de etila da H. canum nas brânquias de Oreochromis niloticus L. Para isso, o extrato etanolico e as fracoes foram administrados no peixe atraves da racao. Apos 24 horas da ingestao da racao, os peixes foram sacrificados e o segundo arco branquial de cada um foi processado histologicamente e corado com tricomico de Masson e Hematoxilina e Eosina (HE). Pela analise qualitativa das brânquias ao microscopio de luz, observou-se que o extrato bruto e as tres fracoes promoveram, em diferentes intensidades nas lamelas, descamacao e destacamento do epitelio respiratorio, alteracao da curvatura, desorganizacao do eixo, hiperplasia celular do tecido epitelial interlamelar e vasodilatacao nas lamelas e no vaso central do filamento. Os resultados deste experimento mostraram que o extrato etanolico bruto e as tres fracoes de H. canum promoveram processos inflamatorios e/ou lesoes sistemicas, dose dependente para O. niloticus.